Darwin Correspondence Project

American botanist. Student at Michigan State Agricultural College, 1864–6/7; studied under Asa Gray at Harvard University, 1873–8, then at Göttingen, Berlin, and Tübingen. Doctor of science, Tübingen, 1880. Professor of plant physiology, then director of the School of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 1884–96. Member of the American Philosophical Society, 1887; curator, 1902–27. Life member of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Instrumental in setting up the Philadelphia Museums, and widely involved in US trade and diplomacy.