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Darwin in letters, 1851-1855: Death of a daughter
Summary
The letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwin’s life with a new intensity. The period opens with a family tragedy in the death of Darwin’s oldest and favourite daughter, Anne, and it shows how, weary and mourning his dead child,…
Matches: 12 hits
- … cirripedes and culminated in Living Cirripedia (1854) and Fossil Cirripedia (1854), again …
- … in zoological matters, just as he did on Joseph Dalton Hooker’s in botany. Moreover, this circle of …
- … series of letters pertaining to the Royal Society. In April 1854, when his cirripede study was …
- … in his health was indicated by his comment in a letter to Hooker on 29 [May 1854] : ‘Very far …
- … Back to species theory In September 1854, as soon as the final proofs of the last barnacle …
- … also drawing the botanist Miles Joseph Berkeley, his friend Hooker, and various readers of the …
- … such speculative, large-scale geological changes. As he told Hooker in a letter of 5 June [1855] …
- … arguments for the dispersal of animals and plants with Hooker who, with Charles Lyell and Edward …
- … out his species essay in full. In 1850, he had written to Hooker ( Correspondence vol. 4, …
- … interested in animal breeding. As Darwin told Fox in a letter of 27 March [1855] , the object of …
- … do as I wish it Throughout the correspondence of 1854 and 1855, the overwhelming …
- … ‘all nature is perverse & will not do as I wish it’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 7 May [1855] ). But …
Scientific Practice
Summary
Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…
Matches: 20 hits
- … | Microscopes | Collecting | Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of …
- … with detailed correspondence about barnacles. Letter 1514 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. …
- … of one idea. – cirripedes morning & night.” Letter 1480 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, …
- … of creation in [ Br. & Foreign Med.-Chir. Rev. 13 (1854)], but notes that he himself is …
- … on embryological stages than Huxley thinks. Letter 1592 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. H …
- … and difficulties of botanical experimentation. Letter 4895 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J …
- … thinks seems probable. Letter 5173 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. R., 2 Aug 1866 …
- … to be dichogamous. Letter 5429 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. R., 4 Mar 1867 …
- … of other species. Letter 5480 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. R., 1 Apr 1867 …
- … Letter 5551 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. T., 26 May [1867] Darwin thanks Müller for …
- … Letter 207 — Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D., 23 May 1833 Darwin tells Fox to buy a microscope. …
- … to geology. Letter 1018 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., [6 Nov 1846] Darwin …
- … full of observations on barnacles and he would like to meet Hooker in London. Letter 1166 …
- … Owen might discuss the topic [in his contribution to J. F. W. Herschel, ed., Manual of scientific …
- … superior”. Letter 1174 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 10 May 1848 Darwin …
- … result of applying it to cirripede sexual systems. He tells Hooker that he sent Owen an account of …
- … C. R. to Gould, A. A., 20 Aug [1849] Darwin thanks J. D. Dana for cirripede specimens. Darwin …
- … This collection of letters, written between Darwin and Hooker whilst Darwin was preparing his …
- … Letter 1202 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct [1848] Darwin writes to Hooker about his …
- … to specific name. Letter 1220 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 3 Feb 1849 Hooker …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 26 hits
- … 4 [Pierquin de Gembloux 1839]. Said to be good by D r L. Lindsay 5 [DAR *119: 1v. …
- … [A. von Humboldt 1811] Richardson’s Fauna Borealis [J. Richardson 1829–37] …
- … Brown 1814] & at the end of Congo voyage [R. Brown 1818]. (Hooker 923) 7 read …
- … on Annals of Nat. Hist. [Jenyns 1838] Prichard; a 3 d . vol [Prichard 1836–47] Lawrence [W. …
- … Teneriffe. in Pers. Narr. [A. von Humboldt 1814–29] D r Royle on Himmalaya types [Royle …
- … reference to authors about E. Indian Islands 8 consult D r Horsfield [Horsfield 1824] …
- … sheep [Youatt 1831, 1834, 1837]. Verey Philosophie d’Hist. Nat. [Virey 1835] read …
- … Paper on consciousness in brutes Blackwood June 1838 [J. F. Ferrie 1838]. H. C. Watson on …
- … to White Nat. Hist of Selbourne [E. T. Bennett ed. 1837 and [J. Rennie] ed. 1833] read 19 : …
- … what have they written.? “Hunt” [J. Hunt 1806] p. 290 …
- … [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands & Western Isl ds letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824 …
- … He is Horticulturist in France. Michaux, according to Hooker has written on topography of N. …
- … chiefly on distribution of forms said to be Poor Sir. J. Edwards Botanical Tour [?J. E. Smith …
- … 1834–40]: In Portfolio of “abstracts” 34 —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm …
- … [Wellesley 1832] Sir. W. Nott’s Life [W. Nott 1854].— [DAR *119: 15v.] From …
- … ]. many very useful papers for me:— not in Hort. Soc. Hooker? Rogets Bridgewater Treatise …
- … —— Mauritius & C. of Good Hope Hooker recommends order [Backhouse …
- … Decandolles Veg: Organ: } recommended by Hooker . [A. P. de …
- … C. Watson 1845]— gives up permanent species (alluded to by Hooker) Foreign & British Med. …
- … M rs Fry’s Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
- … Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleay’s letter to D r Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
- … de la Boheme [Barrande 1852–1911] must be deeply studied 1854 The Zoologist by E. Newman [ …
- … [Pepys 1825] (Read).— Sir W. Notts life [W. Nott 1854] read [DAR *128: 177] …
- … r . Nott & Gliddon: Trübner & Co [J. C. Nott and Gliddon 1854] (read) A Lecture by …
- … not published but reported fully in Literary Gazette Sept 30 1854 91 Agricult. Journal …
- … [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles
Summary
Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…
Matches: 23 hits
- … Darwin wrote to his friend and confidant Joseph Dalton Hooker: ‘I hope this next summer to finish my …
- … hurrah for my species-work’ ( Correspondence vol. 3, letter to J. D. Hooker, [5 or 12 November …
- … sub-class of Crustacea, Living Cirripedia (1851, 1854) and Fossil Cirripedia (1851, 1854). …
- … Of special interest are the nine letters from Joseph Dalton Hooker written during his expedition in …
- … and frequently dangerous travels through the mountains. Hooker writes of the complicated geology of …
- … of the Sikkim Himalaya. In the midst of all this activity, Hooker responds to Darwin’s particular …
- … other. Geology, and geological controversy Hooker’s letters illuminate the role of the …
- … William Herschel, to write the chapter on geology ( letter to J. F. W. Herschel, 4 February [1848] …
- … by Darwin on the use of microscopes on board ship ( see letter to Richard Owen, [26 March 1848] ). …
- … to Milne directly, he sent a long rejoinder in the form of a letter for publication in the Scotsman. …
- … asked for it to be destroyed. Only the draft of Darwin’s letter remains ( letter to the Scotsman …
- … that his original fieldwork was ‘time thrown away’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 8 [September 1847] ) …
- … that it would be a ‘thorn in the side of É de B.’ (letter to Charles Lyell, 3 January 1850 ). …
- … marine invertebrates himself (see Correspondence vol. 2, letter to Leonard Jenyns, 10 April [1837]) …
- … that such a monograph was a ‘desideratum’ ( letter to J. L. R. Agassiz, 22 October 1848 ), was …
- … are clearly expressed in his letters; he also pointed out to Hooker that it was his species theory …
- … spermatozoa’ attached to the female (Living Cirripedia (1854): 23). Darwin had previously worked out …
- … of the sexes from an ancestral hermaphrodite in his Notebook D ( Notebooks ) and had subsequently …
- … or pistils ( Correspondence vol. 2, letter from J. S. Henslow, 21 November 1840 ). The sexual …
- … from monoecious forms (Living Cirripedia (1851): 214; (1854): 29, 528 n.) and, at another level, to …
- … this importance comes through in his happy protestations to Hooker: ‘But I can hardly explain what I …
- … you say, my species theory is all gospel.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 10 May 1848 ). Once …
- … to H. E. Strickland, 29 January [1849] . As Darwin wrote to J. D. Hooker, who had warned him …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 12 hits
- … and colonial authorities. In the nineteenth-century, letter writing was one of the most important …
- … tapping into the networks of others, such as Joseph Dalton Hooker and Asa Gray, who were at leading …
- … in times of uncertainty, controversy, or personal loss. Letter writing was not only a means of …
- … of face-to-face contact. His correspondence with Joseph Hooker and Asa Gray illustrates how close …
- … The first is between Darwin and his friend Kew botanist J. D. Hooker. The second is between Darwin …
- … to Hooker “it is like confessing a murder”. Letter 736 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. …
- … wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, …
- … and asks him to append the ranges of the species. Letter 1685 — Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. …
- … and relationships of alpine flora in the USA. Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, …
- … Letter 1202 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 6 Oct [1848] Darwin catches up on personal …
- … to specific name. Letter 1220 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 3 Feb 1849 In this …
- … Letter 1585 — Darwin, C. R. to Lubbock, John, [Sept 1854] Darwin sends Lubbock a beetle he …
Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia
Summary
Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…
Matches: 19 hits
- … Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. …
- … voyage. Darwin expressed his current enthusiasm in a letter to William Darwin Fox, 23 May 1833 ( …
- … In both volumes of Living Cirripedia (1851 and 1854), Darwin devoted an introductory section to …
- … was best placed among the Lepadidae ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 527–8).^1^1^ Both …
- … segments are quite aborted . . . ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 562–3) Indeed, …
- … be the most natural arrangement. ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 588) The fact that the …
- … with his figure of the mature animal ( Living Cirripedia (1854), Plate XXV). Throughout …
- … (1851): 37–8) In Living Cirripedia (1854), Darwin ventured to suggest the possible …
- … by a new and anomalous course. ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 151–2) Crisp (1983) has …
- … was challenged in 1859 by August Krohn. As he admitted in a letter to Charles Lyell, 28 September …
- … (as Darwin called it in his Autobiography and in his letter to Lyell), was more than a matter of …
- … from bisexuality to unisexuality. ( Living Cirripedia (1854): 29)^16^ Darwin’s …
- … to hermaphrodite cirripedes, for example, Darwin informed Hooker of this interesting discovery and …
- … Toward the end of his study of Balanus , in a letter to Hooker on 25 September [1853] ( …
- … latter instrument suited his purposes well; he reported in a letter to Richard Owen, 26 March 1848 …
- … and mounting his specimens is well demonstrated by a letter he wrote to Charles Spence Bate, 13 …
- … of his theory of evolution can be recognised. Indeed, both Hooker and Huxley believed that the …
- … Informing Darwin about the award ( Correspondence vol. 5, letter from J. D. Hooker, [4 November …
- … it was empirically invalid ( Calendar nos. 2118 and 2119, letter to T. H. Huxley, 5 July [1857] …
Barnacles
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Darwin and barnacles Darwin’s interest in Cirripedia, a class of marine arthropods, was first piqued by the discovery of an odd burrowing barnacle, which he later named “Mr. Arthrobalanus," while he was…
Matches: 6 hits
- … and wrote about barnacles on a daily basis from 1846 to 1854. Ultimately, Darwin's deep and …
- … York: Grove Press. (p.1 - 83) Letters Letter Packet: Darwin's Barnacles …
- … to London to have Mr. Arthrobalanus illustrated. Letter 1022 —Darwin to J. D. Hooker, …
- … the unusual anatomy of Mr. Arthrobalanus. Letter 1140 —Darwin to J. C. Ross, 31 Dec 1847 …
- … in search of the lost explorer John Franklin. Letter 1253 —Darwin to Albany Hancock, [21 …
- … to ask him to share preserved specimens with him. Letter 1370 —Darwin to Syms Covington, …
Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin
Summary
The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…
Matches: 20 hits
- … he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace. This …
- … his views of close friends like Charles Lyell, Joseph Dalton Hooker, and Thomas Henry Huxley, who …
- … at the end of 1859, ‘I sometimes fancied that my book w d be successful; but I never even built …
- … made on you (whom I have always looked at as chief judge) & Hooker & Huxley. The whole has …
- … to choose from the load of curious facts on record.—’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 31 January [1858] ). …
- … the interpretation of the statistics was still problematic. Hooker thought that Darwin was wrong to …
- … as evidence for what actually occurred in nature ( see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and …
- … up. With some trepidation, Darwin sent his manuscript off to Hooker for his comments. Darwin’s …
- … his work was interrupted by the arrival of the now-famous letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, …
- … selection. Darwin’s shock and dismay is evident in the letter he subsequently wrote to Charles Lyell …
- … ‘Your words have come true with a vengeance that I sh d . be forestalled’, he lamented to Lyell. …
- … Even his terms now stand as Heads of my Chapters.’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 18 [June 1858] ). …
- … some time away. On 16 May [1858], he arranged a meeting with Hooker to discuss his manuscript on …
- … be dreadfully severe.—’ On 18 [May 1858], he again tells Hooker: ‘There is not least hurry in world …
- … his material would require a ‘small volume’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 October [1858] ). Begun …
- … Roy, and his monograph on Fossil Cirripedia (1851 and 1854) ( Quarterly Journal of the …
- … appropriated the other’s ideas (see letters to J. D. Hooker, 2 March [1859] , 11 March [1859] …
- … about the fine points of Darwin’s theory ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, 6 May 1859 ). Among the …
- … Priests at me & leaves me to their mercies’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [22 November 1859] ). …
- … young & rising naturalists on our side.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December [1859] ). …
Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network
Summary
The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…
Matches: 18 hits
- … Government grant was exhausted ( Correspondence vol. 2, letter to A. Y. Spearman, 9 October 1843, …
- … specimens by the young botanist and traveller, Joseph Dalton Hooker. More than 1200 letters between …
- … and Richard Owen shows. These friends, with the addition of Hooker, were important to Darwin for …
- … Darwin discussed his ideas on species mutability with Hooker, Horner, Jenyns, Lyell, Owen, and …
- … after their first exchange, early in 1844, Darwin told Hooker that he was engaged in a ‘very …
- … are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [11 January 1844] ). …
- … heterodox opinions and later in the year both Jenyns and Hooker were invited to read a manuscript …
- … In the event, it was not until the beginning of 1847 that Hooker was given a fair copy of the essay …
- … himself: as he told his cousin William Darwin Fox in a letter of [24 April 1845] , he felt he …
- … attributed the book to him. But, as his letters to Hooker show, Darwin carefully considered and then …
- … Natural selection Perhaps the most interesting letter relating to Darwin’s species theory, …
- … Forbes, and Owen were deleted, Henslow’s was queried, and J. D. Hooker’s was added. Much later, by …
- … on species ( Natural selection ), he had decided that Hooker was by far the best man for the task …
- … an argument against the French palaeontologist Alcide d’Orbigny, insisting that the vast pampas …
- … Darwin not only used his personal notes and records but, by letter, marshalled the resources of …
- … Journal of researches , and his species work. Joseph Hooker and the Beagle plant …
- … and apparently relieved to handover Darwin’s plants to Hooker, who had just returned from …
- … of the laws of creation, Geographical Distribution’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 February 1845] ) …
Species and varieties
Summary
On the origin of species by means of natural selection …so begins the title of Darwin’s most famous book, and the reader would rightly assume that such a thing as ‘species’ must therefore exist and be subject to description. But the title continues, …or…
Matches: 7 hits
- … Darwin published his own taxonomic works between 1851 and 1854. Linnaeus ordered the world according …
- … & yet all the genera have 1/2 a dozen synonyms’ ( letter to H. E. Strickland, [4 February 1849] …
- … and explicit in the work of contemporary naturalists. In a letter to his friend Joseph Hooker, he …
- … I believe, from trying to define the undefinable’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1856] ). …
- … whether sterility could be ‘selected’. In 1862, he told Hooker, ‘I am now strongly inclined to …
- … of hybrids might be produced by natural selection ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 1 March 1868 ). …
- … to ‘say no more but leave the problem as insoluble’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 8 [April] 1868 ). …
Thomas Henry Huxley
Summary
Dubbed “Darwin’s bulldog” for his combative role in controversies over evolution, Huxley was a leading Victorian zoologist, science popularizer, and education reformer. He was born in Ealing, a small village west of London, in 1825. With only two years of…
Matches: 3 hits
- … an appointment as paleontologist to the Geological Survey in 1854. He moved quickly to the inner …
- … colleague as ‘my dear Huxley’ for the first time in a letter of 20 February [1855]. Darwin did have …
- … subject of transmutation with Huxley (see for example his letter of 23 April 1853), but he did not …
'An Appeal' against animal cruelty
Summary
The four-page pamphlet transcribed below and entitled 'An Appeal', was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 September 1863]). The pamphlet, which protested against the cruelty of steel vermin…
Matches: 11 hits
- … was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 …
- … of the pamphlet in August and September 1863 (see letter from G. B. Sowerby Jr to Emma Darwin, 22 …
- … 1863, pp. 821–2, under the title `Vermin and traps' ( Letter no. 4282). The wording of the …
- … and to 'a good many persons Squires Ladies & MPs' (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D …
- … more success with the campaign than she expected (see the letter from Emma Darwin to William Erasmus …
- … involved no more cruelty than the possible alternatives (see letter from E. L. Darwin, 7 September …
- … to the RSPCA in 1852 for working horses with sore necks (see letter from Emma Darwin to William …
- … threatened to report a similar case of cruelty in 1866 (see letter to [Local landowner], [1866], …
- … , pp. 44, 54–5, 78, and Correspondence vol. 2, letter to W. D. Fox, 28 August [1837]). Later he …
- … E. Darwin, 22 [September 1858], and this volume, letter to J. B. Innes, 1 September [1863]). …
- … been identified; however, see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, 8 December [1863]. Only two …
