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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 16 hits
- … on the California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ). Fritz Müller, writing from Brazil in …
- … cultivation in divergent climatic conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s …
- … several uncovered plants to produce capsules’ ( To Fritz Müller, 30 January [1868] ). Müller, in …
- … of self-fertility over subsequent generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new …
- … circumstances fertility sometimes depends’ ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, …
- … that of the offspring of English fertile plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a …
- … 17 March [1867] ). He noted another factor in a letter to Gray, remarking, ‘I am going on with my …
- … relationship had lessened the fertility of the offspring (F. Müller 1868b, p. 629). Darwin urged …
- … great step in the essence of sexual reproduction’, he told Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 28 November …
- … from seeds from the same pod were mutually sterile ( From Fritz Müller, 14 March 1869 ). ‘The case …
- … replied, adding that he had sown seeds of this plant sent by Müller ( To Fritz Müller, 18 July …
- … setting to moderate self-fertility in his hothouse ( To Fritz Müller, 2 August [1871] ). By …
- … [1873] ). In September, Darwin wrote a long letter to Nature commenting on a seemingly …
- … optimistic regarding the publication of his results, telling Fritz Müller that he hoped to publish …
- … to seedling plants by the crossing of their parents’ ( To Fritz Müller, 25 September 1873 ). But …
- … A. R. Wallace, 13 December 1876 ). No reply to this letter has been found, but Darwin had long …
Fritz Müller
Summary
Fritz Müller, a German who spent most of his life in political exile in Brazil, described Darwin as his second father, and Darwin's son, Francis, wrote that, although they never met 'the correspondence with Müller, which continued to the close of…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Darwin, in Life and letters of Charles Darwin , wrote of Fritz Müller They never met, …
- … to him. My impression is that of all his unseen friends Fritz Müller was the one for whom he had the …
- … say, I considered him to be a second father.” Fritz (Johann Friedrich Theodor) Müller was …
- … his studies and where, under the supervision of Johannes Müller, he received his PhD in 1844. Müller …
- … After four years of living a frontier existence, Müller left the mainland and got a job in Destêrro …
- … It was in large part through his contact with Schultze that Müller’s own original research was given …
- … eventually came to Darwin’s attention. Earlier in 1861, Müller had discovered a new group of …
- … Darwin), appeared in 1864, and Darwin received a copy from Müller. Darwin found the German too …
- … Linnean Society ( Botany ). Having now read Müller’s book, Darwin initiated a …
- … a complete stranger, Darwin’s tone in this first letter was already collegial; he was clearly …
- … him that he had sent a copy of ‘Climbing plants’, hoping Müller would have received it. …
- … supplementary material on many areas of research from Müller, and encouraged him to publish his own …
- … pursuits altogether. Thanks to a change in government, Müller was appointed to the position of …
- … society of London in 1879 on Darwin’s suggestion . Müller continued to produce a range of …
Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878
Summary
Darwin received letters from so many people and wrote so many fascinating letters himself, that it’s hard to choose from many letters that stand out, but one of this editor’s favourites, that always brings a smile, is a letter from Fritz Müller written 5…
Matches: 14 hits
- … this editor’s favourites, that always brings a smile, is a letter from Fritz Müller written 5 …
- … practice as a physician in Germany. During his student days, Müller had gradually moved from a very …
- … Prussia. Although life in Blumenau was challenging, Müller flourished in the vast natural laboratory …
- … of phenomena was similar to his own. In short, Darwin and Müller were very much on the same …
- … and eventually published in the society’s Transactions Müller then responds to a request from …
- … rain and hot weather. Darwin had not explained why he wanted Müller to make the observations, but …
- … or sexual selection. The next section of the letter demonstrates not only Müller’s skill …
- … plants of three butterfly species in the same subfamily, Müller used their common food plant to …
- … from a different genus, the caterpillars were so similar, Müller noted they might have been united …
- … These butterflies are usually very easy to raise, but Müller could see they were all dying. It then …
- … other Passiflora species. Based on the leaves it chose, Müller surmised what species it would …
- … at the First Vatican Council of 1869–70). Müller closes the letter with a complaint that …
- … Journal of researches , this individual was extremely tame. Müller ends by sending regards to …
- … discussion, and shows a sense of fun. Müller in this letter, as always, wears his knowledge lightly. …
Hermann Müller
Summary
Hermann (Heinrich Ludwig Hermann) Müller, was born in Mühlberg near Erfurt in 1829. He was the younger brother of Fritz Müller (1822–97). Following the completion of his secondary education at Erfurt in 1848, he studied natural sciences at Halle and Berlin…
Matches: 13 hits
- … Hermann (Heinrich Ludwig Hermann) Müller, was born in Mühlberg near Erfurt in 1829. He was the …
- … beetle; it was the subject of his first scientific paper (Müller 1856). In the autumn of 1855 …
- … from her first marriage; the couple had three more children. Müller had become a full teacher by …
- … in the whole province. As a scientific researcher, Müller did not need to look further than …
- … his brother became a supporter of Darwin’s theory. Just as Fritz had chosen to focus on Crustacea in …
- … In early spring 1867, Darwin initiated a correspondence with Müller, but that letter has not been …
- … replied encouragingly and in the summer of 1867, Müller began working on fertilisation of orchids …
- … unwanted visitors from gaining access. In October 1867, Müller sent Darwin a letter describing …
- … research along these lines led to the publication in 1873 of Müller’s seminal work on co-adaptation, …
- … Darwin could not wait to finish the book before sending Müller his reaction, noting that he had …
- … was the introduction he wrote to the English edition of Müller’s book, published in 1883. …
- … (known as ultramontanists by their opponents). Throughout, Müller received the support of the …
- … resulted in a limiting of the kind of teaching that Müller advocated. Müller fought against this …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 24 hits
- … Three important new correspondents in 1867 were Hermann Müller and Anton Dohrn in Germany, and …
- … suppose abuse is as good as praise for selling a Book’ ( letter to John Murray, 31 January [1867] …
- … to the printer, but without the additional chapter. In a letter written on 8 February [1867] to …
- … books, Descent and Expression . In the same letter, Darwin revealed the conclusion to his …
- … variation of animals and plants under domestication . In a letter to his son William dated 27 …
- … of his brother’s embryological papers with his first letter to Darwin of 15 March 1867 , although …
- … . Indeed, he told his publisher, John Murray, in a letter of 4 April [1867] , not to send …
- … tell me, at what rate your work will be published’ ( letter from J. V. Carus, 5 April 1867 ). This …
- … & sent to him, he may wish to give up the task’ ( letter to Carl Vogt, 12 April [1867] ). …
- … fit person’ to introduce the work to the German public ( letter from J. V. Carus, 15 April 1867 ). …
- … Vogt should translate my book in preference to you’ ( letter to J. V. Carus, 18 April [1867] ). …
- … old In a letter of 22 February [1867] to Fritz Müller in Brazil, in which he asked …
- … sexual differences in mammals and birds. In his letter to Fritz Müller of 22 February [1867] , …
- … in males and females. In his reply of 1 April 1867 , Müller supplied Darwin with information …
- … he gained a valuable new correspondent in this area, Hermann Müller. Darwin had already benefited …
- … with a view to supporting Darwin’s theory (letter from Fritz to Hermann Müller, 11 February 1867, in …
- … are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). In October, Müller wrote to thank Darwin for his …
- … an observation that he thought might be of some interest. Müller had observed the special adaptation …
- … suck nectar from flowers they visited ( letter from Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867 ). The letter …
- … the first known depiction of this singular adaptation. Müller’s work not only confirmed many of …
- … Darwin continued to receive a wealth of information from Fritz Müller in Brazil. As well as …
- … than any two or three botanists put together’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 7 February [1867] ). …
- … effect when applied to its own stigma ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1867 ). Darwin replied …
- … the decay might be ‘parasitic cryptogams’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 22 February [1867] ). Müller …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 21 hits
- … ‘I feel a very old man, & my course is nearly run’ ( letter to Lawson Tait, 13 February 1882 ) …
- … with an exchange with one of his favourite correspondents, Fritz Müller. The men discussed the …
- … fertility of crosses between differently styled plants ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1882 …
- … François Marie Glaziou (see Correspondence vol. 28, letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 20 …
- … quite untirable & I am glad to shirk any extra labour’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 6 January …
- … probably intending to test its effects on chlorophyll ( letter to Joseph Fayrer, 30 March 1882 ). …
- … we know about the life of any one plant or animal!’ ( letter to Henry Groves, 3 April 1882 ). He …
- … of seeing the flowers & experimentising on them’ ( letter to J. E. Todd, 10 April 1882 ). …
- … find stooping over the microscope affects my heart’ ( letter to Henry Groves, 3 April 1882 ). …
- … sooner or later write differently about evolution’ ( letter to John Murray, 21 January 1882 ). The …
- … leaves into their burrows ( Correspondence vol. 29, letter from J. F. Simpson, 8 November 1881 …
- … on the summit, whence it rolls down the sides’ ( letter from J. F. Simpson, 7 January 1882 ). The …
- … light on it, which would have pleased me greatly’ ( letter from J. H. Gilbert, 9 January 1882, …
- … annelid seemed to have rather the best of the fight’ ( letter from G. F. Crawte, 11 March 1882 ). …
- … by the American educator Emily Talbot (Talbot ed. 1882). His letter to Talbot written the previous …
- … by the flippant witlings of the newspaper press’ ( letter from A. T. Rice, 4 February 1882 ). Rice …
- … men, and their role as providers for the family. In his letter, he conceded that there was ‘some …
- … of our homes, would in this case greatly suffer’ ( letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). …
- … she be fairly judged, intellectually his inferior, please ( letter from C. A. Kennard, 28 January …
- … he has allied himself to so dreadful a man, as Huxley’ ( letter to John Collier, 16 February 1882 …
- … of whom drew substantially on his theory. In 1869, Hermann Müller (brother to Fritz) sent Darwin his …
Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments
Summary
The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…
Matches: 19 hits
- … , and, arising from this, the editing of excerpts from Fritz Müller’s letters on climbing plants to …
- … The death of Hugh Falconer Darwin’s first letter to Hooker of 1865 suggests that the family …
- … having all the Boys at home: they make the house jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] …
- … had failed to include among the grounds of the award ( see letter from Hugh Falconer to Erasmus …
- … his letters to Darwin, and Darwin responded warmly: ‘Your letter is by far the grandest eulogium …
- … may well rest content that I have not laboured in vain’ ( letter to Hugh Falconer, 6 January [1865] …
- … always a most kind friend to me. So the world goes.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 2 February [1865] …
- … for our griefs & pains: these alone are unalloyed’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 3 February 1865 …
- … gas.— Sic transit gloria mundi, with a vengeance’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 9 February [1865] ). …
- … added, ‘I know it is folly & nonsense to try anyone’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] …
- … ineffective, and Darwin had given it up by early July ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865] …
- … of anything, & that almost exclusively bread & meat’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1865] …
- … better, attributing the improvement to Jones’s diet ( see letter to T. H. Huxley, 4 October [1865] …
- … of the people two whom Darwin sent a copy of the paper was Fritz Müller, in Destêrro (now …
- … in difficult German, he had it translated, and wrote to Müller in August 1865 that he had just …
- … in October to the Linnean Society for publication in Müller’s name ( see letter from Fritz Müller, …
- … 20 October [1865] ). Darwin was particularly interested in Müller’s observations of tendrils formed …
- … to the second edition of Climbing plants reflecting Müller’s findings. Although he wrote to …
- … make observations for him in India (John Scott) and Brazil (Fritz Müller). Although not well enough …
Darwin’s queries on expression
Summary
When Darwin resumed systematic research on emotions around 1866, he began to collect observations more widely and composed a list of queries on human expression. A number of handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller…
Matches: 18 hits
- … handwritten copies were sent out in 1867 (see, for example, letter to Fritz Muller, 22 February …
- … Correspondence about Darwin’s Questionnaire (click on the letter dates to see the individual letters …
- … Correspondent Letter date Location …
- … Africa)? ] mentioned in JPM Weale letter, but Bowker's answers not found …
- … Woolston, Southampton, England letter to W.E. Darwin shrugging …
- … Square W London, England enclosed in a letter from Henry Maudsley …
- … South Africa possibly included in letter from Mansel Weale …
- … Peradeniya, Ceylon enclosed in letter from G.H.K. Thwaites …
- … Egypt] possibly included in letter(s) from Asa Gray Nile …
- … Lake Wellington, Australia letter to F.J.H. von Mueller nodding, …
- … Abbey Place, London, England letter to Emma Darwin baby expression …
- … Penmaenmawr, Conway, Wales letter to Emma Darwin infant daughter …
- … Square W, London, England Enclosed letter from Dr. C. Browne …
- … astonishment Muller, Fritz 22 Feb [1867] …
- … Expression, p. 137 Muller, Fritz 30 Jan …
- … W., London, England enclosed in letter from W. W. Reade Hottentots …
- … England (about Australia) encloses letter from Austrialian friend, letter not …
- … forwarded by Smyth; Wilson sent letter to Ferdinand von Mueller Victoria Aborigines …
A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867
Summary
In March 1867, Hermann Müller, a young teacher of natural sciences at a provincial Realschule (a type of secondary school that emphasised the natural sciences) in Lippstadt in the Prussian province of Westphalia, sent Darwin two papers on the mosses of…
Matches: 9 hits
- … In March 1867, Hermann Müller , a young teacher of natural sciences at a provincial Realschule (a …
- … Darwin two papers on the mosses of that province. In one, Müller described features of the mosses …
- … of Darwin’s letters survive, this has to be gleaned from Müller’s side of the correspondence, which …
- … adaptations of flowers for promoting cross fertilisation, Müller began to look closely at the …
- … their adaptations for collecting nectar and pollen. A letter he wrote in October 1867 contained the …
- … mouthparts that are specially adapted for pollen eating. Müller’s discovery seemed even more …
- … with their characteristic yellow and black stripes. In his letter, Müller described and figured in …
- … of the pollen eaten by each type of fly. It is amazing that Müller, writing in English, found words …
- … out more about these adaptations can do so. Looking at Müller’s rough but accurate sketches, readers …
Language: key letters
Summary
How and why language evolved bears on larger questions about the evolution of the human species, and the relationship between man and animals. Darwin presented his views on the development of human speech from animal sounds in The Descent of Man (1871),…
Matches: 11 hits
- … whom he exchanged information and ideas. Letter 346: Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb …
- … Caucasian languages separated from one stock.” Letter 2070: Wedgwood, Hensleigh to Darwin, …
- … is the grinding down of former continents.” Letter 3054: Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 2 …
- … former,—which I tell him is perfectly logical.” Letter 5605: Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. …
- … whilst young, do they scream & make loud noise?” Letter 7040: Wedgwood, Hensleigh to …
- … speech from gradually growing to such a stage” Letter 8367: Darwin, C. R. to Wright, …
- … & thus unconsciously altering the breed. Letter 8962: Darwin, C. R. to Max Müller, …
- … judge of the arguments opposed to this belief[.]” Letter 10194: Max Müller, Friedrich to …
- … want, at least in the Science of Language […]” Letter 9887: Dawkins, W. B. to Darwin, C. R. …
- … hold that language is not a test of race […]” Letter 11074: Sayce, A. H. to Darwin, C. R., …
- … of wanting to eat, for this movement makes a sound like the letter m.” “For some time past I have …
Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers
Summary
In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…
Matches: 24 hits
- … , he had told his valued South American correspondent Fritz Müller, ‘I feel myself a very old man, …
- … in Unconscious memory in November 1880 and in an abusive letter about Darwin in the St James’s …
- … memory in Kosmos and sent Darwin a separate letter for publication in the Journal of Popular …
- … publishers decided to print ‘500 more, making 2000’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January 1881 ) …
- … a sinner as those whom I have blamed.’ The book inspired Fritz Müller to send observations from …
- … the animal learnt from its own individual experience ( letter from G. J. Romanes, 7 March 1881 ). …
- … whether observations of their behaviour were trustworthy ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 March [1881] …
- … about the sale of books being ‘a game of chance’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 12 April 1881 ). On 18 …
- … a method to investigate aggregation. He explained to Fritz Müller on 10 September why he had …
- … Darwin told Francis on 9 November , and writing to Fritz Müller on 13 November , he confessed, …
- … new facts is but dull work.’ It was Fritz Müller who sparked Darwin’s interest in …
- … of dimorphism), to see whether his observations supported Müller’s conclusion. Set ‘on fire’ by …
- … for more suggestions of such plants, especially annuals ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 21 March …
- … in obtaining mature plants. On 12 April, he reported to Müller , ‘I have procured some plants of …
- … supposed he would feel ‘less sulky in a day or two’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 29 July 1881 ). The …
- … dead a work falls at this late period of the season’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 30 July 1881 ). …
- … conversation with you’, a Swedish teacher told him ( letter from C. E. Södling, 14 October 1881 ), …
- … add, however little, to the general stock of knowledge’ ( letter to E. W. Bok, 10 May 1881 ). …
- … regular ‘bread-winners’ ( Correspondence vol. 30, letter to C. A. Kennard, 9 January 1882 ). …
- … any future publication & to acknowledge any criticism’ ( letter to C. G. Semper, 19 July 1881 …
- … view of the nature & capabilities of the Fuegians’ ( letter to W. P. Snow, 22 November 1881 ). …
- … the kindly protection of the high priests of science’ ( letter from Francisco de Arruda Furtado, 29 …
- … Nature , which he thought ‘an excellent Journal’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 July [1881] ). In …
- … for the Belfast potato-blight researcher James Torbitt; Fritz Müller was offered £100 to replace …
Beauty and the seed
Summary
One of the real pleasures afforded in reading Charles Darwin’s correspondence is the discovery of areas of research on which he never published, but which interested him deeply. We can gain many insights about Darwin’s research methods by following these …
Matches: 12 hits
- … about Darwin’s research methods by following these ‘letter trails’ and observing how correspondence …
- … Towards the end of September 1866 Darwin received a letter from Fritz Müller, a German naturalist …
- … composite of letter from Müller to Darwin, 2 Aug 1866, in Darwin’s experimental notebook"," …
- … pulp and ‘always disseminated by being first devoured’. Müller had noted that seeds that fell to the …
- … white and visible at a great distance.— Fritz Müller to Charles Darwin, 2 Aug 1866. …
- … birds. I rec d some seeds the day after receiving your letter; & I must own that the fleshy …
- … to me rather a striking one. Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. F. T., 25 Sept [1866] …
- … brilliant red pearls. By the time he received Darwin’s letter he had found yet more examples and …
- … by our Jacús ( Penelope ) or other birds.’ ( see the letter ) By this time Darwin had already …
- … some idea of the difficulties. Darwin picked up on Müller’s suggestion and tried the …
- … birds, and even used guans (the bird species suggested by Fritz Müller) and toucans, but was also …
- … listed dozen of species (many of them cited by Darwin and Müller), as mimetic fruits are found in …
Darwin in Conversation exhibition
Summary
Meet Charles Darwin as you have never met him before. Come to our exhibition at Cambridge University Library, running from 9 July to 3 December 2022, and discover a fascinating series of interwoven conversations with Darwin's many hundreds of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … 9 July – 3 December 2022 Milstein Exhibition Centre, Cambridge University …
Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest
Summary
The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of Origin. Darwin got the fourth…
Matches: 24 hits
- … Pound foolish, Penurious, Pragmatical Prigs’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [29 December 1866] ). But …
- … able to write easy work for about 1½ hours every day’ ( letter to H. B. Jones, 3 January [1866] ). …
- … once daily to make the chemistry go on better’ ( letter from H. B. Jones, 10 February [1866] ). …
- … see you out with our beagles before the season is over’ ( letter from John Lubbock, 4 August 1866 …
- … work doing me any harm—any how I can’t be idle’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 24 August [1866] ). …
- … production of which Tegetmeier had agreed to supervise ( letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 16 January …
- … of “Domestic Animals & Cult. Plants” to Printers’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1866] …
- … good deal I think, & have come to more definite views’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 December …
- … theory of phytophagic varieties and species of insects, Fritz Müller’s research on crustacean …
- … ‘I quite follow you in thinking Agassiz glacier-mad’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 8[–9] September …
- … ten times more than the belief of a dozen physicists’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [28 February 1866] …
- … past few years. Emma described the Royal Society event in a letter to George: ‘Your father … entered …
- … you—& told me to worship Bence Jones in future—’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 13 May 1866 ). …
- … 3 calls! & then went for ¾ to Zoolog. Garden!!!!!!!!!’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [28 April 1866 …
- … delighted to come on those terms so you are in for it’ ( letter from H. E. Darwin, [ c . 10 May …
- … very much to see him, though I dread all exertion’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [12 May 1866] ). …
- … to Madeira. His visit to Down House is described in a letter from Henrietta to George: ‘when first …
- … most magnificent eulogium which it has ever received’ ( letter to Ernst Haeckel, 18 August [1866] …
- … like myself weak in his Greek, is something dreadful’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 December [1866] …
- … on human races. Darwin replied with a modified list, adding Fritz Müller’s Für Darwin , and a …
- … , letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1866] ). Fritz Müller Fritz Müller, the …
- … same subjects that have lately interested me’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, 25 September [1866] ). Not …
- … competitor in the struggle for existence ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). By the …
- … you for that I hardly know how to begin’ ( letter to Fritz Müller, [before 10 December 1866] ). …
Scientific Practice
Summary
Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…
Matches: 15 hits
- … | Microscopes | Collecting | Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of …
- … with detailed correspondence about barnacles. Letter 1514 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. …
- … of one idea. – cirripedes morning & night.” Letter 1480 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, …
- … on embryological stages than Huxley thinks. Letter 1592 — Darwin, C. R. to Huxley, T. H …
- … was the German naturalist and émigré to Brazil, Fritz Müller. Their letters often discussed the …
- … and crossed with pollen of other species. Letter 5480 — Müller, J. F. T. to Darwin, C. …
- … Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden [1863]. Letter 5551 — Darwin, C. R. to Müller, J. …
- … on the use and importance of the microscope. Letter 207 — Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D., …
- … with a microscope ranks second only to geology. Letter 1018 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, …
- … “take advantage of your wicked offer of assistance”. The letter is full of observations on barnacles …
- … ed., Manual of scientific enquiry (1849)]. Letter 1167 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, …
- … finds this microscope “wonderfully superior”. Letter 1174 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. …
- … specimens and information for his barnacle book. Letter 1140 — Darwin, C. R. to Ross, J …
- … to the Arctic in search of Sir John Franklin. Letter 1262 — Darwin, C. R. to Hancock, …
- … discusses Lithotrya and its burrowing habits. Letter 1495 — Darwin, C. R. to …
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Matches: 5 hits
- … . He encouraged Huxley to read it, noting, ‘ Asa Gray & Fritz Müller (the latter especially) …
- … exhibited different forms . With typical enthusiasm, Müller had reported finding several new …
- … proves the absolute distinctness of the parents ’. Fritz Müller was enthusiastic, commenting, ‘ …
- … in species of Linum’ (p. 82) and clarified the meaning to Fritz Müller in a letter in September 1866 …
- … than in the short-styled form ’, Darwin annotated this letter, wondering, ‘Would it be worth while …
Sexual selection
Summary
Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species. So what…
Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots
Summary
Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…
Matches: 25 hits
- … his publishers, he warned that it was ‘dry as dust’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 9 September 1879 ). …
- … turned out, alas, very dull & has disappointed me much’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 15 [June …
- … home again’, he fretted, just days before his departure ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26 …
- … many blessings, was finding old age ‘a dismal time’ ( letter to Henry Johnson, 24 September 1879 ) …
- … wrinkles one all over like a baked pear’ ( enclosure in letter from R. W. Dixon, 20 December 1879 …
- … itself, or gone some other way round?’ At least the last letter of 1879 contained a warmer note and …
- … office to complete Horace’s marriage settlement ( letter from W. M. Hacon, 31 December 1879 ). …
- … but they were ‘as nice and good as could be’ ( letter from Karl Beger, [ c. 12 February 1879] ) …
- … on your life’s work, which is crowned with glory’ ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 February 1879 ). …
- … party in the German house of representatives had accused Müller of corrupting his students by …
- … the statement ‘In the beginning was carbon’ ( letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879 ). …
- … as the ‘organ of “uncultivated materialism”’ ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 2 June 1879 ]). …
- … up the glory & would please Francis’, he pointed out ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 13 March [1879 …
- … wholly & shamefully ignorant of my grandfathers life’ ( letter to Ernst Krause, 14 March 1879 …
- … known philosopher and poet’ ( Correspondence vol. 1, letter from Francis Beaufort to Robert …
- … these things with the when & the where, & the who—’ ( letter from V. H. Darwin, 28 May …
- … paternal grandparents thought ‘perfect in every way’ ( letter from E. A. Wheler, 25 March 1879 ). …
- … heard of him ‘constantly, & always with pride’ ( letter from Reginald Darwin, 29 March 1879 ). …
- … essay might end up ‘interfering with each other’ ( letter to Ernst Krause, 27 March 1879 ). Darwin …
- … made such an introduction ‘almost indispensable’ ( letter from Ernst Krause, 7 June 1879 ). Darwin …
- … everything into ridicule. He hates scientific men’ ( letter to Ernst Krause, 14 May 1879 ). …
- … must be ‘in some degree interesting to the public’ ( letter to Reginald Darwin, 10 April [1879] ). …
- … ‘very tastefully and well, and with little fatigue’ ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 12 July 1879 , and …
- … ‘more perplexed than ever about life of D r . D’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 12 July [1879] ). …
- … thought or working for the public good. Darwin promoted Fritz Müller’s discoveries in Brazil by …
Scientific Networks
Summary
Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…
Matches: 22 hits
- … and colonial authorities. In the nineteenth-century, letter writing was one of the most important …
- … in times of uncertainty, controversy, or personal loss. Letter writing was not only a means of …
- … botanist Asa Gray. Darwin and Hooker Letter 714 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. …
- … and he is curious about Hooker’s thoughts. Letter 729 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., …
- … to Hooker “it is like confessing a murder”. Letter 736 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. …
- … wide-ranging genera. Darwin and Gray Letter 1674 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, …
- … and asks him to append the ranges of the species. Letter 1685 — Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. …
- … and relationships of alpine flora in the USA. Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, …
- … and their approach to information exchange. Letter 1202 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D …
- … first describer’s name to specific name. Letter 1220 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., …
- … perpetuity of names in species descriptions. Letter 1260 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. …
- … ends with a discussion of lamination of gneiss. Letter 1319 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, …
- … up his doubts about Darwin’s doctrines. In his second letter he talks about his visit with Falconer. …
- … was on the Beagle voyage and afterwards. Letter 152 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. …
- … is Henslow’s “bounden duty to lecture me”. Letter 196 — Henslow, J. S. to Darwin, C. R. …
- … sends home a copy of his notes on the specimens. Letter 249 — Henslow, J. S. to Darwin, …
- … sends news of Cambridge and mutual friends. Letter 251 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. S …
- … illness and specimens are sent to Henslow. Letter 272 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, J. S. …
- … collection and plans to cross the Cordilleras. Letter 1189 — Darwin, C. R. to Henslow, …
- … and it has reawakened his passion for entomology. Letter 1720 — Darwin, C. R. to …
- … R. Soc. Lond. 147 (1857): 79–100]. Darwin and Müller Letter 5457 — Müller, H. …
- … L. H., 29 Mar [1867] Darwin learns that German botanist Fritz Müller is Hermann Müller’s …
Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours
Summary
Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…
Matches: 28 hits
- … correspondents such as Daniel Oliver, Friedrich Hildebrand, Fritz Müller, and John Scott who had …
- … of respect and affection’. He hinted as much in his letter of 4 June : ‘you will see I have done …
- … plants. He resumed experiments in the spring, writing to Fritz Müller on 14 May , ‘I have made …
- … have shared Hooker’s suspicion of ambitious gardeners ( letter from W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 25 August …
- … method of recording leaf motion for extended periods. In a letter to Thiselton-Dyer of 11 October …
- … … tap one of the young leaves with a delicate twig’ ( letter to R. I. Lynch, 14 September 1877 ). …
- … , or to the vibratory flagella of some Infusoria’ ( letter from F. J. Cohn, 5 August 1877 ). …
- … in July 1877 (F. Darwin 1877b), and Darwin sent Cohn’s letter vindicating his son’s research to …
- … his sense of form and of motion was exact and lively’ ( letter from W. E. Gladstone, 23 October …
- … the Westphalian Provincial Society for Science and Art. In a letter to Darwin written before 16 …
- … the only one full-page in size. Haeckel sent a personal letter of congratulation on 9 February , …
- … (see Appendix V). The album arrived with a long letter from the director and secretary of the …
- … reported, ‘but found him as soft & smooth as butter’ ( letter to C. E. Norton, 16 March 1877 ) …
- … write to Owen & offer himself you & me to dejeuner!!!’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 14 June …
- … where I hope it may remain for centuries to come’ ( letter from C. C. Graham, 30 January 1877 ). …
- … you in the interests of truth, of man and of societies’ ( letter from Marcellin de Bonnal, [1877] …
- … to the old story to be horsewhipped by a duke!’ ( letter to J. M. Rodwell, 3 June 1877 ). Back …
- … frog spawn; the gospel of dirt the order of the day’ ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 27 January [1877] …
- … credence to racist prejudice in Descent of man . In a letter from an unknown correspondent on …
- … the subjects of Siebold’s study of medical monstrosity ( letter from C. T. E. Siebold, 10 October …
- … our blood and thus keep back our civilization’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 17 May 1877 ). Bowles …
- … and wives of ‘men of the white race’. In a follow-up letter he warned, ‘you find them in multituds …
- … polish serves to hide the absence of humanity beneath’ ( letter from W. B. Bowles, 18 May 1877 ). …
- … in New Guinea, who reportedly had hard inflexible tails ( letter from Arthur Mellersh, 1 January …
- … up Pangenesis with wicked imprecations’ (Trollope 1867; letter to G. J. Romanes, [1 and 2 December …
- … disclaimed its ‘scientific value’, he confessed in a letter of 25 November 1877 that the book …
- … so many men exhibit is in many cases purely physical’ ( letter from W. M. Moorsom, 10 September …
- … give them drink so that they become quite tipsy’ ( letter to W. M. Moorsom, 11 September [1877] ). …
