To W. E. Darwin 7 [July 1869]
Summary
Thanks him for his excellent observations [on Epipactis?]; would like WED to watch for some large insect visiting the plant.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Erasmus Darwin |
Date: | 7 [July 1869] |
Classmark: | DAR 210.6: 130 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6819 |
To Samuel Hubbard Scudder 15 September [1869]
Summary
Thanks SHS for papers he has sent.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Samuel Hubbard Scudder |
Date: | 15 Sept [1869] |
Classmark: | Boston Society of Natural History (papers at the Museum of Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6893 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … William. 1842. A treatise on some of the insects of New England, which are injurious to …
- … William. 1862. A treatise on some of the insects injurious to vegetation. New edition. …
- … for I possess two Editions of his “Insects of New England”, which I have read with profit— …
- … annotated copy of A treatise on some of the insects of New England, which are injurious to …
From Hermann Müller 22 September 1869
Summary
Thanks CD for the English edition of his brother’s book [Fritz Müller, Facts and arguments for Darwin (1869)]
and for CD’s memoir on orchids ["Fertilization of orchids", Collected papers 2: 138–56].
Author: | Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 22 Sept 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 171: 294 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6904 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … the last summer has been bestowed upon insects visiting and fertilizing flowers. Until …
- … the large carder bee), adding that insects were seldom seen visiting this species. For …
- … species of Bombus (bumblebees) as well as other insects, see H. Müller 1869 , pp. 52–5. …
- … theory to flowers and flower-visiting insects; H. Müller 1869 ) was published in the …
To Alexander Goodman More 24 June [1869]
Summary
Asks AGM to observe fertilisation of Epipactis palustris. Has found that E. latifolia is fertilised by wasps.
Making revisions for French edition of Orchids.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Alexander Goodman More |
Date: | 24 June [1869] |
Classmark: | DAR 146: 408 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6801 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. …
- … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …
- … day to observe during half an hour what insects visit Epipactis palustris , & especially …
- … am most curious, & secondly the kind of insect (which I sh d be glad to see and get named) …
From Henry Walter Bates 8 June 1869
Summary
Ashamed that members of the Entomological Society have almost no information on sex ratio of bred insects in response to CD’s query of months ago. One exception, William Buckler, promises results. [See Descent 1: 313.]
Author: | Henry Walter Bates |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 8 June 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 160: 87 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6778 |
To Linnean Society, President and Council 10 May 1869
Summary
Recommends publication of Mrs Barber’s paper on a rare case of fertilisation of a plant by one kind of insect alone, with access of others prevented by a mechanical obstacle [Mary Elizabeth Barber, "On the fertilisation and dissemination of Duvernoia adhatodoides", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 11 (1869): 469–72].
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Hellier Baily |
Date: | 10 May 1869 |
Classmark: | Linnean Society of London (SP.57) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6740 |
From Richard Spruce 15 April 1869
Summary
Describes the floral structure and fertilisation of some melastomes;
discusses the direct agency of insects in modifying the structure of flowers.
Author: | Richard Spruce |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 15 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 177: 242 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6697 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … melastomes; discusses the direct agency of insects in modifying the structure of flowers. …
- … whence it is carried off by winged insects & deposited on the stigmas of other flowers; …
- … mechanical action
〈 o〉 n the part of insects, the style having become declinate through this … - … admitted in part the direct agency of insects in modifying the structure of the flowers. …
From Fritz Müller 18 October 1869
Summary
Describes experiments to test the fertility of Abutilon, which appears self-sterile,
and briefly mentions dichogamy in Eschscholzia.
Author: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 18 Oct 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 76: B178, Linnean Society of London (LS Ms 299/12) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6943 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … nor butterflies, nor any other large insects able to fertilize them. 1.1 I … admirers. …
- … 2.3] crossed blue crayon 2.3 In … insects. 2.18] scored blue crayon 3.1 Of … year, 3.4] …
- … numerous seeds, more numerous indeed than in most pods naturally fertilized by insects. …
- … For instance 8 pods fertilized by insects contained from 11 to 52 (on an average 35,4) …
From W. C. Tait 13 April 1869
Summary
Insectivorous plants; Drosophyllum lusitanicum.
Descriptions of the local sheep.
Author: | William Chester Tait |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 13 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 178: 46 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6696 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …
- … of species, your Fertilization of Orchids by Insect agency and your pamphlet on Climbing …
- … I think that the Drosophyllum catches insects by the viscid glands, but perhaps you will …
- … contractive movement assisting to secure the insect & which would easily be developed into …
- … or poisoning power of the fluid on the insects caught. In my next I hope to send you …
To Fritz Müller 18 March 1869
Summary
On English edition of Für Darwin; CD’s gratitude and admiration.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller |
Date: | 18 Mar 1869 |
Classmark: | The British Library (Loan MS 10 no 28) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6668 |
To Richard Spruce 1 April 1869
Summary
RS’s facts are remarkable. A year or two ago CD would not have believed ants could produce an inherited effect, but he has "lately come to believe rather more in inherited mutations". However, CD is not satisfied that the sacs are inherited and urges RS to produce any other evidence he might have.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Richard Spruce |
Date: | 1 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | Spruce 1908, 2: 385 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6691 |
From J. J. Weir [1–13] May 1869
Summary
South Down sheep: variability in colouring and patterning of lambs compared with constancy of adult coat.
Author: | John Jenner Weir |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [1–13] May 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 181: 79 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6723 |
From A. R. Wallace 10 March 1869
Summary
Weir’s paper on relation of protection to colour of caterpillars [Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (1869): 21–6; (1870): 337–9] confirms ARW’s hypothesis.
Author: | Alfred Russel Wallace |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 10 Mar 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 106: B77–8 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6651 |
From Alfred William Bennett 22 April 1869
Summary
Sends paper on mechanisms of cross-fertilisation in flowers ["Note on Parnassia palustris", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 11 (1871): 24–31].
Studying how fertilisation takes place without the aid of insects in winter varieties.
Author: | Alfred William Bennett |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 22 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 160: 137 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6710 |
From Anton Dohrn 30 December 1869
Summary
He has gone through the whole embryology of the Crustacea and has arrived at a pretty well-established genealogy of the whole class; has even tried to write a history of the whole tribe. Finds he cannot adopt the old separation of Orders in the Class; the limits between them are indistinct.
Would like to study embryology of Limulus. Asks CD’s help in obtaining a female specimen.
Outlines his proposal to establish a marine zoological station.
Author: | Felix Anton (Anton) Dohrn |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 30 Dec 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 162: 204 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7038 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … Dohrn refers to his earlier work on insect–crustacean homologies; see Correspondence …
- … to find the union between Crustacea and Insects. But though I formerly thought, I could …
- … I have not so much time, the Embryology of Insects and some important questions about the …
- … Dohrn had attempted to homologise larval insects and crustaceans ( Dohrn 1867 , p. 86); …
- … of investigations in the Embryology of Insects, Myriapoda and Spiders on the one side and …
From Louis Rérolle 30 July 1869
Summary
Progressing with translation of new footnotes for Orchids. Asks for help with a few words.
Author: | Louis Rérolle |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 30 July 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 176: 131 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6846 |
To J. J. Weir 1 July [1869]
Summary
"My health got so bad I could do nothing at Down".
Gives information about migration of male and female birds.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | John Jenner Weir |
Date: | 1 July [1869] |
Classmark: | DAR 148: 324 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6810 |
From Federico Delpino 1 November 1869
Summary
Comments on Hermann Crüger’s paper, sent by CD, on fertilisation of orchids [J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 8 (1865): 127–35].
Observations on dichogamy in grasses (wheat, rye, barley).
Has not yet read CD’s reply to his article on Pangenesis [Collected papers 2: 158–60].
Author: | Federico Delpino |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 1 Nov 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 162: 145 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6965 |
Matches: 4 hits
- … by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. …
- … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …
- … that the fertilisation of this flower was effected by insects; but that did not seem …
- … very likely to me, for insects, even of large size, would not have sufficient strength to …
From W. E. Darwin 12 July 1869
Summary
Bees visiting Epipactis.
Author: | William Erasmus Darwin |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 12 July 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 162: 101 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6826 |
From Frederick Smith 26 August 1869
Author: | Frederick Smith |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 26 Aug 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 82: 1–2 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6871 |
letter | (76) |
Darwin, C. R. | (35) |
Farrer, T. H. | (6) |
Hooker, J. D. | (4) |
Bennett, A. W. | (3) |
Müller, Fritz | (3) |
Darwin, C. R. | (39) |
Müller, Fritz | (4) |
Tait, W. C. | (4) |
Farrer, T. H. | (3) |
Hooker, J. D. | (2) |
Darwin, C. R. | (74) |
Farrer, T. H. | (9) |
Müller, Fritz | (7) |
Tait, W. C. | (7) |
Hooker, J. D. | (6) |
Insectivorous Plants
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Plants that consume insects Darwin began his work with insectivorous plants in the mid 1860s, though his findings would not be published until 1875. In his autobiography Darwin reflected on the delay that…
Matches: 1 hits
- … Questions | Experiment Plants that consume insects Darwin began his work …
Orchids
Summary
Why Orchids? Darwin wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…
Matches: 6 hits
- … attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the …
- … of Orchideæ & there is something about the visits of insects which quite puzzles me.— The Fly …
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …
- … of various orchids, Darwin had to infer the role of insects from the floral architecture. For this …
- … examining the live plants, with reference to visits of insects, I believe their means of …
- … all parts of the flower are coadapted for fertilisation by insects, & therefore the result of n. …
Orchids
Summary
Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A project to follow On the Origin of Species Darwin began to observe English orchids and collect specimens from abroad in the years immediately following the publication of On the Origin of Species. Examining…
Matches: 6 hits
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects . London: John Murray. …
- … in the co-evolution of orchids and their pollinating insects. Letter 5637 - Alfred …
- … at beauty of contrivances with respect to fertilisation by insects. After reading a …
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects , the students found it useful to …
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects . The experiment is simple – all you …
- … uses a pollen release mechanism that ejects pollinia onto insects as they enter the orchid. To …
From morphology to movement: observation and experiment
Summary
Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…
Sexual selection
Summary
Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species. So what…
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 4 hits
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …
- … in England, but which are not properly visited by insects & so have been rarely crossed’ ( To …
- … [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect that the insects which could transfer pollen in sweet …
- … of Darwin’s views on crossing, and his paper, ‘Are insects any material aid to plants in …
Insectivorous plants
Summary
Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants began by accident. While on holiday in the summer of 1860, staying with his wife’s relatives in Hartfield, Sussex, he went for long walks on the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by…
Matches: 4 hits
- … the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by the common sundew ( …
- … found that over half of the leaves had the remnants of dead insects adhering to them. The project …
- … the upper surface of the Drosera leaf bend over to trap insects. He had been busy performing …
- … celebrated the publication with a poem written from the insects’ point of view : …
Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute
Summary
Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…
Matches: 7 hits
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). While Darwin …
- … ), Darwin defended his position about colour in adult insects but turned the discussion to the role …
- … his argument about the protective function of colour in both insects and birds. Darwin conceded that …
- … community in order to gather more information on insects. Moreover, he was still able to engage in …
- … charming observations on the fertilisation of Orchids by insects, as far as the Westfalian Flora …
- … my attention in general to the fertilisation of flowers by insects.’ By the summer, Hermann was …
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). In October, …
Descent
Summary
There are more than five hundred letters associated with the research and writing of Darwin’s book, Descent of man and selection in relation to sex (Descent). They trace not only the tortuous route to eventual publication, but the development of Darwin’s…
Matches: 1 hits
- … through the animal kingdom, reaching the ‘ end of Insects ’ by the end of February. He kept …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 3 hits
Forms of flowers
Summary
Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…
Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores
Summary
In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…
Matches: 5 hits
- … the nutriment of the plant in dry seasons, and to prevent insects from creeping up to devour its …
- … the precursor to slimy secretions capable of catching live insects. Still finishing his article on …
- … a plant catching & feeding on solid particles of decaying insects. ’ Francis consulted …
- … believed that the leaves were ‘adapted for the capture of insects whose decaying remains are …
- … into two lots, one half being starved and the other fed with insects or pieces of meat’, not unlike …
Was Darwin an ecologist?
Summary
One of the most fascinating aspects of Charles Darwin’s correspondence is the extent to which the experiments he performed at his home in Down, in the English county of Kent, seem to prefigure modern scientific work in ecology.
Matches: 3 hits
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 6 hits
- … work on butterflies and offers to observe birds, insects or plants on Darwin’s behalf. …
- … Darwin observations made by her and her father of plants and insects. Men: Letter …
- … Margaretta Hare Morris describes her work on fish and insects, undertaken on the shores of mountain …
- … which she found near a bog. She also sends a selection of insects, which are carefully packed in a …
- … 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris describes her work on insects, undertaken on the shores of …
- … work on butterflies and offers to observe birds, insects or plants on Darwin’s behalf. …
Darwin's works in letters
Summary
For the 163rd anniversary of the publication of Origin, we've added a new page to our Works in letters section on Cross and self fertilisation. These complement our existing pages on the 'big book' before Origin, Origin itself, the…
Matches: 1 hits
- … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects (1862) Climbing plants …
Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia
Summary
Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…
The evolution of honeycomb
Summary
Honeycombs are natural engineering marvels, using the least possible amount of wax to provide the greatest amount of storage space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the evolution of the honey-bee’s comb…
Matches: 5 hits
- … bee cell was a favourite subject. The question of how little insects could solve correctly a design …
- … of bees, and that, in the case of the hive bee, a number of insects worked together, first …
- … whilst examining the nests of a vast number of Hymenopterous insects, he still believes those views …
- … which apparently embellishes the productions of these insects, is rather the necessary result than …
- … from simpler forms (the less organised, round cells of other insects), and explained their method of …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 15 hits
- … [Whitehead 1851]. Packard. A Guide to the Study of Insects 1868. U. States [Packard 1868–9] …
- … 1781]. Ekmarck on migration [Ekmarck 1781]. Linn. on insects [Linnaeus 1781b]. Forsskahl on Flora of …
- … 54 122 Sept. 25 Westwoods Modern Classification of Insects [Westwood 1839–40].— Oct …
- … Economie des Celtes [Reynier 1818] Harris Treatise of Insects [T. W. Harris 1842] …
- … Anon. 1835. Thoughts on the geographical distribution of insects. Entomological Magazine 2: 44 …
- … *128: 165 Baeckner, Michael A. 1781. On noxious insects. In Linnaeus, ed., Select …
- … 17b Forsskahl, Jonas Gustav. 1781. The flora of insects. In Linnaeus, ed., Select …
- … Thaddeus William. 1842. A treatise on some of the insects of New England, which are injurious …
- … to entomology; or, elements of the natural history of insects . 4 vols. London. [Darwin Library. …
- … sur divers sujets de l’histoire naturelle des insects, de géographie ancienne et de …
- … Academicæ . London. 119: 10a ——. 1781b. On insects, oration. In Linnaeus, ed., Select …
- … Alpheus Spring. 1868–9. Guide to the study of insects . 10 pts. Salem, Mass. [Darwin Library. …
- … An introduction to the modern classification of insects . 2 vols. London. [Darwin Library.] …
- … 1854. Insecta Maderensia; being an account of the insects of the islands of the Madeiran …
- … Atlantidum; being an enumeration of the Coleopterous insects of the Madeiras, Salvages, and …
George Robert Waterhouse
Summary
George Waterhouse was born on 6 March 1810 in Somers Town, North London. His father was a solicitor’s clerk and an amateur lepidopterist. George was educated from 1821-24 at Koekelberg near Brussels. On his return he worked for a time as an apprentice to…
Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts
Summary
At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…