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From Fritz Müller   17 June 1868

Summary

Again thanks CD for trouble in arranging for translation of Für Darwin.

Sends addition answering critics of his idea of insect metamorphosis [see Möller ed. 1915–21, 1: 259].

Agrees with Charles Lyell’s suggested English title "Facts and arguments in favor of Darwin", although perhaps more accurate to call it "Darwinism tested by Carcinology" or "Carcinology as bearing on the origin of species".

Says any profit should go to CD for his trouble and expense with the translation.

Thanks for seeds of Eschscholtzia.

Gives observations on number of climbing plants, including Dilleniacea, Marantacea, Catasetum.

Author:  Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  17 June 1868
Classmark:  Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 141–3; W. S. Dallas trans. 1869, pp. 119–21 n.
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6248A

Matches: 24 hits

  • … inherited from the original parents of all Insects, and the “complete metamorphosis” of …
  • … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …
  • … addition answering critics of his idea of insect metamorphosis [see Möller ed. 1915–21, 1: …
  • … with my opinion that the caterpillar and pupal states of insects have not been inherited …
  • … from the ancestor of all insects but have been acquired subsequently, I therefore enclose …
  • … modern and nineteenth-century systems of insect classification, see Gillot 1980, pp.  29, …
  • … ein wenig zur Seite biegt (und ein Insect, welches seinen Rüssel in die lange Blumenröhre …
  • … the so-called “ complete metamorphosis” of Insects, in which these animals quit the egg as …
  • … inherited from the primitive ancestor of all Insects, but acquired at a later period. The …
  • … approach nearest to the primitive form of Insects. In favour of this view we have:— 1. The …
  • … make their appearance the earliest of all Insects, namely as early as the Carboniferous …
  • … is therefore improbable that the oldest Insects should have possessed fewer segments than …
  • … the original young form of the oldest Insects, and that the Orthoptera, with an abdomen of …
  • … quite unlikely. Hopefully I can observe the insects at work next summer. When I inserted a …
  • … Müller … goes so far as to believe that the progenitor of all insects probably resembled …
  • … an adult insect, and that the caterpillar or maggot, and cocoon or pupal stages, have …
  • … 3, above. Pseudoneuroptera: ‘an order of insects in some classifications, resembling the …
  • … to regard the Orthoptera as the order of Insects approaching most nearly to the common …
  • … is distinguished from that of the adult Insect almost solely by the want of wings; these …
  • … youngest larva to the sexually mature Insect, preserves in a far higher degree the picture …
  • … pupa- and imago-states. The most ancient Insects would probably have most resembled these …
  • … The contrary supposition that the old Insects possessed a “complete metamorphosis,” and …
  • … and bend it sideways a little bit (and an insect wanting to insert its proboscis into the …
  • … out of its sheath without a visit from an insect or whether a second visit is necessary …

From B. D. Walsh   25 March 1868

Summary

Sexual preference in insects;

structures for seizing females;

coloration.

Doubts whether CD can make much of a case from insects in support of sexual selection.

Author:  Benjamin Dann Walsh
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  25 Mar 1868
Classmark:  DAR 82: A90–1; A117–18, DAR 85: B65
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6051

Matches: 16 hits

  • … Sexual preference in insects; structures for seizing females; coloration. …
  • … Doubts whether CD can make much of a case from insects in support of sexual selection. …
  • … my Journals & my entire Collection of Insects, I find but very little indeed that will …
  • … to his First annual report on the noxious insects of Illinois ( B.  D.  Walsh 1868 ). CD’s …
  • … University Press. 1985–. Curtis, John. 1860. Farm insects: being the natural history …
  • … and economy of the insects injurious to the field crops of Great Britain and Ireland, and …
  • … 1868. First annual report on the noxious insects of Illinois. Chicago: Prairie Farmer …
  • … An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and …
  • … such matters. I do not believe that with Insects there is anything deserving the name of “ …
  • … from what we see with our eyes of Insects. I have little doubt that the principle is found …
  • … is conventionally called the eye of an Insect to our own eyes. Yours ever very truly, | …
  • … in no respect from in all these insects. Neuroptera—Psocidæ . About the enormous …
  • … of 15 specimens there were only 3 males”. ( Farm Insects , pp.  45–6) Probably it was a …
  • … season; for it is a very general rule with Insects that comes out 2 or 3 days, or even …
  • … to the modern classification of insects ( Westwood 1839–40 , 2: 206). The passage is …
  • … Walsh is probably alluding to the compound insect eye, which is composed of anything from …

From A. R. Wallace   18 September [1868]

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Summary

Submits a 15–point argument against CD’s views on the coloration of female birds and insects.

Author:  Alfred Russel Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  18 Sept [1868]
Classmark:  DAR 82: A14–17
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6375

Matches: 11 hits

  • … a 15–point argument against CD’s views on the coloration of female birds and insects. …
  • … CD’s returning a box in which Wallace sent insect specimens, see the letter to A.  R.   …
  • … Henry Walter. 1861. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera : …
  • … I think, that the female in birds & insects requires more protection, & in the latter …
  • … by Wallace’s reference to the returned insect box (see n.  12, below). A partial draft of …
  • … derivation of colour in female birds and insects, see the letter to A.  R.  Wallace, 16  …
  • … colour or marking in Mammals? Have they no taste for colour? Again about insects. Is …
  • … there any evidence to show that female insects ever reject or choose males by colour, or …
  • … Not a solitary case is known of any male insect alone mimicking a protected group. 12. Yet …
  • … its partner. 14. It follows, that a male insect or bird, being by structure or habits less …
  • … the general dull hues of female birds and insects are of any use to them , I do not see …

From Alexander Wallace   28 February 1868

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Summary

Proportion of sexes in insects, captured and bred. [see Descent 1: 313.]

Author:  Alexander Wallace
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  28 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 85: B41–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5953

Matches: 11 hits

  • … Proportion of sexes in insects, captured and bred. [see Descent 1: 313. ] …
  • … 157–8, CD reported a number of cases in which insects had failed to breed in confinement. …
  • … of the fallacy of estimation by captured insects—(1) the common eggar—B. Quercus —or the …
  • … that the modes of hunting for & finding insects are very limited— 2. Nyssia Hispidaria is …
  • … worth investigation & experiment—but in insects it could only be worked out by rearing the …
  • … was a very slight preponderance of male insects— The sexes of B Cynthia are very easily …
  • … all silkworms & indeed I think all insects are easily distinguished by close and …
  • … added blue crayon 2.9 For I apprehend … insects— 3.14] crossed pencil 2.22 How is it witih …
  • … favour— It is quite different with bred insects, but on consideration I cannot allow that …
  • … favorable to the development of the insect viz.  the female larva is generally larger as …
  • … my motto, and I can as soon conceive of an insect, as of a human embryo changing its sex …

From Charles Owen Waterhouse   12 February 1868

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Summary

On blind beetles [see Descent 1: 367].

Development of mandibles in Brentus.

Author:  Charles Owen Waterhouse
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  12 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 82: A74–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5870

Matches: 9 hits

  • … Suites à Buffon. ) 14 vols. Paris: F. Dufart. Murray, Andrew. 1857. On insect-vision …
  • … and blind insects. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal n.s. 6: 120–38. …
  • … An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and …
  • … know— M r . Murray in his paper on blind insects (which I suppose you know) mentions the …
  • … has not been found. Waterhouse refers to Andrew Murray’s paper, ‘On insect-vision …
  • … and blind insects’ ( A.  Murray 1857 ). Geodephaga was a group of predaceous land beetles. …
  • … I think that there are many coleopterous insects in which one mandible is larger than the …
  • … possible I will tomorrow look at all these insects & give you the result as soon as I can. …
  • … corresponded with CD on bees and other insects ( Correspondence vols.  6–10, 12), and is …

From C. O. Waterhouse    19 February 1868

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Summary

Coloration of blind beetles.

Sizes of sexes in Taphroderes.

Author:  Charles Owen Waterhouse
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  19 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 82: A76–7
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5897

Matches: 7 hits

  • … Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871. Murray, Andrew. 1857. On insect-vision …
  • … and blind insects. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal n.s. 6: 120–38. Schoenherr, Carl …
  • … unavoidable. I do not know M r . Murray’s paper on cave insects unless it be the same …
  • … with the one I mentioned “On insect-vision & …
  • … blind insects” (Edinb. New Philosoph. Journal.  ser.  2. 1857. T.   …
  • … 1868 , Waterhouse had listed the blind insects described in a paper by Andrew Murray ( …
  • … paper contains a list of all the cave insects . The Coleoptera are, 5 Anophthalmus (The …

To T. H. Farrer   19 May [1868]

Summary

Thanks THF for correcting the error in Orchids.

Asks him to find out what insects visit the fly orchid and for what purpose.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer
Date:  19 May [1868]
Classmark:  Linnean Society of London (LS Ms 299/2)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6185

Matches: 5 hits

  • … in Orchids . Asks him to find out what insects visit the fly orchid and for what purpose. …
  • … 47, CD commented that he had never seen insects approach the flowers of Ophrys muscifera. …
  • … I wish you or some one c d find out what insects visit the fly ophrys, & for what purpose. …
  • … by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. …
  • … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …

From G. R. Crotch   [after 5 October 1868]

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Summary

Note identifying insects and remarking on stridulation.

Author:  George Robert Crotch
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [after 5 Oct 1868]
Classmark:  DAR 81: 173
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6529

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Note identifying insects and remarking on stridulation. …
  • … I have not been able to examine. The insects sent are Heliopathes gibbus Fabr . Anglia …
  • … to assist CD in the investigation of insect stridulation after his brother’s wedding on 5  …
  • … The insect in question is a member of the group Pedinites family Tenebrionidae as defined …

From H. T. Stainton   29 February 1868

Summary

Replies to CD on proportion of sexes in butterflies, coloration of moths, and courtship. Encloses copies of letters on these subjects between HTS, Henry Doubleday, and John Hellins.

Author:  Henry Tibbats Stainton
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  29 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 85: B52-3; DAR 86: A16;
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5960

Matches: 11 hits

  • … pencil Enclosure, 4th letter 3.1 I … insects.  3.2] scored pencil 4.1 Also … daughters! …
  • … of the sexes could only be obtained from insects bred in captivity. In Descent 1: 311, CD …
  • … An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and …
  • … Bombycidae in Westwood’s Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects vol II p.   …
  • … 384 I do not think that a male insect serves more than one female I would in conclusion …
  • … as to the relative numbers of the sexes in insects. I have told him that my experience …
  • … opposed to my previous experience as an insect–collector, as in breeding I find the …
  • … of the opinion that the males of all insects are more numerous than the females, & I do …
  • … to the relative numbers of the sexes in insects. Now my experience as a breeder of Micros …
  • … If you have had sufficient experience of insect collection in the pupa state I should be …
  • … me say what I found in the case of my insects. Also—my children have been keeping guinea– …

To Henry Walter Bates   11 February [1868]

Summary

Asks about proportions of male to female insects.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Henry Walter Bates
Date:  11 Feb [1868]
Classmark:  American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5858

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Asks about proportions of male to female insects. …
  • … 1871. Smith, Kenneth G. V. 1987. Darwin’s insects: Charles Darwin’s entomological notes. …
  • … good species to engrave. For instance is any insect better than common Stag-Beetle to show …
  • … remember any cases whatever of female insects of any order (except in parthenogenetic …

From Robert McLachlan   21 February 1868

Summary

On numerical proportions of sexes in insects; coloration. Dimorphism in dragonflies (Agrion) in which usual coloration is reversed in sexes [see Descent 1: 362–4].

Wallace seems to ride his hobby too hard.

Author:  Robert McLachlan
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  21 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 86: A8–9, DAR 82: A88–9
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5910

Matches: 8 hits

  • … On numerical proportions of sexes in insects; coloration. Dimorphism in dragonflies ( …
  • … in the proportion of the sexes in insects at a meeting of the Entomological Society of …
  • … convinced that ordinarily throughout the insect-world the is the most abundant, only …
  • … it is generally believed that a male insect after having once performed its reproductive …
  • … I think I may say that they are of all insects the least liable to the attacks of birds & …
  • … c. In themselves they are the tyrants of the insect world, & have few enemies. Universal …
  • … It is to be remarked also that these insects take a considerable time to attain their full …
  • … rupture the ventral integuments; & in these insects the parts of the mouth unfit them to …

From H. W. Bates   18 February 1868

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Summary

Has put question of proportion of sexes in insects to the Entomological Society. Quotes H. T. Stainton and F. Smith. Cites some cases mentioned by other members.

Is reading Variation; does not quite understand Pangenesis.

Author:  Henry Walter Bates
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  18 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 86: A4–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5893

Matches: 6 hits

  • … Has put question of proportion of sexes in insects to the Entomological Society. Quotes H. …
  • … not myself remember any case of female insects being very conspicuously more numerous than …
  • … on the proportion of the sexes in insects in his letter to Bates of 11 February [1868] . …
  • … muliebris    an English Neuropterous insect   hundreds of females found during last two …
  • … surprise people more than our common insect. I am now reading your two Volumes. Pangenesis …
  • … Ratzeburg was an expert on forest insects. Tomicus dispar is now Xyleborus dispar. Miana …

To G. H. Lewes   7 August [1868]

Summary

Thinks GHL’s articles are quite excellent; hopes they will be republished.

Discusses adaptation. Doubts whether similar conditions without selection can produce similar organs independent of blood relationship: "resemblances due to descent and adaptation can commonly be distinguished".

Discusses luminous insects, electrical organs of fish, thorns and spines.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  George Henry Lewes
Date:  7 Aug [1868]
Classmark:  DAR 185: 42; Argyll Papers, Inveraray Castle (NRAS 1209/985)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6308

Matches: 9 hits

  • … be distinguished". Discusses luminous insects, electrical organs of fish, thorns and …
  • … that can luminesce. For CD’s observations on insect luminosity in both fireflies and click …
  • … are identical. ’ Lewes wrote that the wing of an insect, of a bird, and of a bat were ‘in …
  • … maintain, about the luminous organs of insects or the electric organs of fishes; but if …
  • … how, as I suppose, the luminous organs of insects, for instance, have been developed; but …
  • … depend on conjecture, for so few luminous insects exist that we have no means of judging …
  • … in some way advantageous to certain insects, the tissues as I suppose become specialized …
  • … kinds. Hence I believe if all extinct insect-forms c d be collected we sh d have a perfect …
  • … highly luminous abdomen to some ancient insect, which was occasionally luminous like the …

From Robert McLachlan   24 February 1868

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Summary

Reports that when August Meyer confined several distinct species of Phryganeidae they coupled and produced fertile ova, indicating that some specific characters are not so important so far as reproduction is concerned [see Descent 1: 342 n. 2].

Author:  Robert McLachlan
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  24 Feb 1868
Classmark:  DAR 82: A86–7
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5924

Matches: 4 hits

  • … auxillary] double underl ink 2.8 specific … insects,] underl ink 2.8 not … importance 2.9] …
  • … importance of abdominal structures in male insects had ‘probably been overrated’. …
  • … mistake— My note about polygamy in insects referred to Phryganidae & not to Ephemeridae . …
  • … infallible specific characters in these insects, are not really of such vast importance …

To Fritz Müller   3 June 1868

Summary

Is glad FM approves of a translation of Für Darwin.

Hopes FM will think well of Pangenesis.

Sexual differences in insect auditory and stridulating organs.

Read FM’s paper on Balanus with great interest ["On Balanus armatus", Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. 1 (1868): 393–412].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
Date:  3 June 1868
Classmark:  The British Library (Loan MS 10 no 24)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6224

Matches: 6 hits

  • … well of Pangenesis. Sexual differences in insect auditory and stridulating organs. Read …
  • … Samuel Hubbard. 1865. On the Devonian insects of New Brunswick. [Read 2 October 1865. ] …
  • … of the means for producing music with insects & still more with birds. We thus get a high …
  • … new to me. Scudder has described an annectant insect in Devonian strata, furnished with a …
  • … a plant is introduced into a country, insects sometimes discover that it belongs to the …
  • … same family with those on which such insects habitually feed. I am sorry to say your seeds …

From H. W. Bates   20 May 1868

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Summary

HWB thinks he can buy specimens of male and female insects at Mr Janson’s.

Author:  Henry Walter Bates
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 May 1868
Classmark:  DAR 160: 83
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6194

Matches: 2 hits

  • … HWB thinks he can buy specimens of male and female insects at Mr Janson’s. …
  • … an hour Yours sincerely | H W Bates These insects are very cheap—a few pence each for the …

From T. H. Farrer   4 June 1868

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Summary

Describes work with pollinia of another Orchis species.

Author:  Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  4 June 1868
Classmark:  DAR 164: 42
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6229

Matches: 4 hits

  • … by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. …
  • … and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. …
  • … to get into the right position whilst the insect sucks the abundant nectar, and that then …
  • … where they stay, bodily. ) I suppose an insect by retreating and then coming forward again …

To H. W. Bates   19 February [1868]

Summary

CD in utter confusion about differences between J. O. Westwood and HWB on division of certain insects. Asks if HWB will homologise certain families for him, telling him which terms would be most generally understood.

Asks also about differences on sound-producing organs of Achetidae Gryllidae.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Henry Walter Bates
Date:  19 Feb [1868]
Classmark:  Cleveland Health Sciences Library (Robert M. Stecher collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5895

Matches: 4 hits

  • … J. O. Westwood and HWB on division of certain insects. Asks if HWB will homologise certain …
  • … William. 1842. A treatise on some of the insects of New England, which are injurious to …
  • … An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and …
  • … Descent 1: 352–3 and 357, but placed the insect in the family Locustidae. Katydids are now …

To B. D. Walsh   14 February 1868

Summary

Requests entomological data on sexual selection, especially proportions of sexes.

Sends Queries about expression with note: "a great hobby of mine".

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Benjamin Dann Walsh
Date:  14 Feb 1868
Classmark:  Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (Walsh 12)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5876

Matches: 4 hits

  • … CD discussed the stridulation of male insects in Descent 1: 339, 350–60, 366, 378– …
  • … 85. Battles between male insects for females are discussed in Descent 1: 375–8; CD noted …
  • … hear anything about the battles of male insects, Any facts about the attachment or love of …
  • … Lamellicorns? I especially want to hear of insects in which the males and females are very …

From T. H. Farrer   21 November 1868

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Summary

Thinks CD’s views of insect agency and crossing might explain structure and variations of papilionaceous flowers. Lists five points. Asks CD’s opinion.

Author:  Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  21 Nov 1868
Classmark:  DAR 164: 49; Linnean Society of London, MS Case 6B, No. 299
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6470

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Thinks CD’s views of insect agency and crossing might explain structure and variations of …
  • … of Papilionaceous flowers by your views concg insect agency & crossing. For instance I …
  • … wings long spreading and bright colored. An insect lighting on the keel if it could, would …
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Insectivorous Plants

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Plants that consume insects Darwin began his work with insectivorous plants in the mid 1860s, though his findings would not be published until 1875. In his autobiography Darwin reflected on the delay that…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Questions | Experiment Plants that consume insects Darwin began his work …

Orchids

Summary

Why Orchids? Darwin  wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the …
  • … of Orchideæ & there is something about the visits of insects which quite puzzles me.— The Fly …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …
  • … of various orchids, Darwin had to infer the role of insects from the floral architecture. For this …
  • … examining the live plants, with reference to visits of insects, I believe their means of …
  • … all parts of the flower are coadapted for fertilisation by insects, & therefore the result of n. …

Orchids

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A project to follow On the Origin of Species Darwin began to observe English orchids and collect specimens from abroad in the years immediately following the publication of On the Origin of Species. Examining…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects . London: John Murray. …
  • … in the co-evolution of orchids and their pollinating insects. Letter 5637 - Alfred …
  • … at beauty of contrivances with respect to fertilisation by insects.  After reading a …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects , the students found it useful to …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects . The experiment is simple – all you …
  • … uses a pollen release mechanism that ejects pollinia onto insects as they enter the orchid. To …

From morphology to movement: observation and experiment

Summary

Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … examining the  live  plants, with reference to visits of insects, I believe their means of …
  • … inner membrane was extremely delicate. He postulated that insects penetrated the inner membrane to …

Sexual selection

Summary

Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species.  So what…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … of secondary sexual characters, especially colour, in insects and birds , than sexual  selection. …
  • … of characteristics in a whole range of organisms, from insects to crustacea to mammals, that seemed …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …
  • … in England, but which are not properly visited by insects & so have been rarely crossed’ ( To …
  • … [1867] ). Darwin was beginning to suspect that the insects which could transfer pollen in sweet …
  • … of Darwin’s views on crossing, and his paper, ‘Are insects any material aid to plants in …

Insectivorous plants

Summary

Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants began by accident. While on holiday in the summer of 1860, staying with his wife’s relatives in Hartfield, Sussex, he went for long walks on the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by the common sundew ( …
  • … found that over half of the leaves had the remnants of dead insects adhering to them. The project …
  • … the upper surface of the Drosera leaf bend over to trap insects. He had been busy performing …
  • … celebrated the publication with a poem written from the insects’ point of view :   …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects  ( Orchids ). While Darwin …
  • … ), Darwin defended his position about colour in adult insects but turned the discussion to the role …
  • … his argument about the protective function of colour in both insects and birds. Darwin conceded that …
  • … community in order to gather more information on insects. Moreover, he was still able to engage in …
  • … charming observations on the fertilisation of Orchids by insects, as far as the Westfalian Flora …
  • … my attention in general to the fertilisation of flowers by insects.’ By the summer, Hermann was …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects ( Orchids ). In October, …

Descent

Summary

There are more than five hundred letters associated with the research and writing of Darwin’s book, Descent of man and selection in relation to sex (Descent). They trace not only the tortuous route to eventual publication, but the development of Darwin’s…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … through the animal kingdom, reaching the ‘ end of Insects ’ by the end of February. He kept …

Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings

Summary

‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … 6 July , ‘and it did us excellent service.’ The trapped insects were observed in the field, and …
  • … of eager students.’ The cunning ways in which plants lured insects to their death were described in …
  • … the poor creatures in the form of a poem: From the Insects to their friend, Charles Darwin …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … small grained pollen. I find that they require the action of insects to set them, & I never will …
  • … violets except V. tricolor are fertile only when visited by insects: I marked flowers visited by …

Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores

Summary

In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … the nutriment of the plant in dry seasons, and to prevent insects from creeping up to devour its …
  • … the precursor to slimy secretions capable of catching live insects. Still finishing his article on …
  • … a plant catching & feeding on solid particles of decaying insects. ’ Francis  consulted …
  • … believed that the leaves were ‘adapted for the capture of insects whose decaying remains are …
  • … into two lots, one half being starved and the other fed with insects or pieces of meat’, not unlike …

Was Darwin an ecologist?

Summary

One of the most fascinating aspects of Charles Darwin’s correspondence is the extent to which the experiments he performed at his home in Down, in the English county of Kent, seem to prefigure modern scientific work in ecology.

Matches: 3 hits

  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …
  • … as adaptive behaviour. Further, he argued that the insects that carried the pollen could, to some …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … work on butterflies and offers to observe birds, insects or plants on Darwin’s behalf. …
  • … Darwin observations made by her and her father of plants and insects. Men: Letter …
  • … Margaretta Hare Morris describes her work on fish and insects, undertaken on the shores of mountain …
  • … which she found near a bog. She also sends a selection of insects, which are carefully packed in a …
  • … 1855] Margaretta Hare Morris describes her work on insects, undertaken on the shores of …
  • … work on butterflies and offers to observe birds, insects or plants on Darwin’s behalf. …

Darwin's works in letters

Summary

For the 163rd anniversary of the publication of Origin, we've added a new page to our Works in letters section on Cross and self fertilisation. These complement our existing pages on the 'big book' before Origin, Origin itself, the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects (1862) Climbing plants …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … to buy . . . a simple microscope . . . & then make out insects scientifically by which I …
  • … & exceedingly interesting; I speak from experience, not in insects, but in most minute Crustaceæ …

The evolution of honeycomb

Summary

Honeycombs are natural engineering marvels, using the least possible amount of wax to provide the greatest amount of storage space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the evolution of the honey-bee’s comb…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … bee cell was a favourite subject. The question of how little insects could solve correctly a design …
  • … of bees, and that, in the case of the hive bee, a number of insects worked together, first …
  • … whilst examining the nests of a vast number of Hymenopterous insects, he still believes those views …
  • … which apparently embellishes the productions of these insects, is rather the necessary result than …
  • … from simpler forms (the less organised, round cells of other insects), and explained their method of …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 15 hits

  • … [Whitehead 1851]. Packard. A Guide to the Study of Insects 1868. U. States [Packard 1868–9] …
  • … 1781]. Ekmarck on migration [Ekmarck 1781]. Linn. on insects [Linnaeus 1781b]. Forsskahl on Flora of …
  • … 54 122 Sept. 25 Westwoods Modern Classification of Insects [Westwood 1839–40].— Oct …
  • … Economie des Celtes [Reynier 1818] Harris Treatise of Insects [T. W. Harris 1842] …
  • … Anon. 1835. Thoughts on the geographical distribution of insects.  Entomological Magazine  2: 44 …
  • … *128: 165 Baeckner, Michael A. 1781. On noxious insects. In Linnaeus, ed.,  Select …
  • … 17b Forsskahl, Jonas Gustav. 1781. The flora of insects. In Linnaeus, ed.,  Select …
  • … Thaddeus William. 1842.  A treatise on some of the   insects of New England, which are injurious …
  • …   to entomology; or, elements of the natural history of insects . 4 vols. London. [Darwin Library. …
  • … sur divers   sujets de l’histoire naturelle des insects, de géographie   ancienne et de …
  • … Academicæ . London.  119: 10a ——. 1781b. On insects, oration. In Linnaeus, ed.,  Select …
  • … Alpheus Spring. 1868–9.  Guide to the study of   insects . 10 pts. Salem, Mass. [Darwin Library. …
  • … An introduction to the   modern classification of insects . 2 vols. London. [Darwin Library.]  …
  • … 1854.  Insecta Maderensia; being   an account of the insects of the islands of the Madeiran   …
  • … Atlantidum; being an enumeration   of the Coleopterous insects of the Madeiras, Salvages, and   …

George Robert Waterhouse

Summary

George Waterhouse was born on 6 March 1810 in Somers Town, North London. His father was a solicitor’s clerk and an amateur lepidopterist. George was educated from 1821-24 at Koekelberg near Brussels. On his return he worked for a time as an apprentice to…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … won out. Waterhouse was particularly interested in insects and mammals. He was one of the …
  • … returned in 1836, Waterhouse was sent small mammals and insects from the voyage to describe. He …

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of  Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … whom Darwin had asked to study the musical activities of insects, reported that one male field …
  • … by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects  ( Orchids ), Darwin decided to …
  • … where, in earlier years, he had energetically collected insects and studied geology: ‘I have been …
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