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Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year
Summary
The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…
Matches: 14 hits
- … The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early …
- … mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A vicious dispute over an anonymous …
- … and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt …
- … one of the greatest men the world has ever produced. He gave a wonderful impetus to science by …
- … pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such …
- … And … one looks backwards much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). …
- … was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’ ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] …
- … inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October …
- … Erasmus’s house. The event was led by the medium Charles E. Williams, and was attended by George …
- … in such rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] …
- … all the horrid bother of correction’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 21 [March 1874] ). The book …
- … artificial gastric juice for about a week ( letter from E. E. Klein, 14 May 1874 ). John Burdon …
- … try to get it exhibited at a Royal Society of London soirée (see letter from Anton Dohrn, 6 April …
- … nephew, the fine-art specialist Henry Parker ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 17 [March 1874] ). He …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 16 hits
- … | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
- … Observers Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August …
- … silkworm breeds, or peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to …
- … to artificially fertilise plants in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to …
- … be made on seeds of Pulmonaria officinalis . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to …
- … Expression from her home in South Africa. Letter 6736 - Gray, A. & J. L …
- … to Darwin’s queries about Expression during a trip to Egypt. Letter 7223 …
- … January 1868] Darwin asks Thomas Huxley to pass on a questionnaire to his wife, Henrietta. …
- … 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. to Darwin, H. E., [after 14 October 1869] Darwin’s …
- … Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. to Darwin, E., [8 November1872] Anne Jane Cupples, …
- … her niece’s ears. Letter 8701 - Lubbock, E. F . to Darwin, [1873] Ellen …
- … 9426 - Story-Maskelyne , T. M. to Darwin, [23 April 1874] Thereza Story-Maskelyne …
- … Letter 9616 - Marshall, T. to Darwin, [September 1874] Theodosia Marshall sends …
- … 9606 - Harrison, L. C. to Darwin, [22 August 1874] Darwin’s niece, Lucy, sends a …
- … Letter 9616 - Marshall, T. to Darwin, [September 1874] Theodosia Marshall details …
- … Letter 9485 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [8 June 1874] Mary Treat details her experiments …
Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings
Summary
‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…
Matches: 15 hits
- … Editions Plants always held an important place in Darwin’s theorising about species, and …
- … way to continuous writing and revision, activities that Darwin found less gratifying: ‘I am slaving …
- … coloured stamens.’ At intervals during the year, Darwin was diverted from the onerous task of …
- … attack upon Darwin’s son George, in an anonymous review in 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, …
- … On 8 January , he told Hooker: ‘I will write a savage letter & that will do me some good, if I …
- … to the Editor … Poor Murray shuddered again & again’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 16 January …
- … laid to rest, another controversy was brewing. In December 1874, Darwin had been asked to sign a …
- … botanical research and had visited Down House in April 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, letters …
- … offered to pay the costs for printing an additional 250 ( letter to John Murray, 3 May 1875 ). …
- … & bless the day That ever you were born (letter from E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 …
- … A scientific friendship had developed between the men in 1874, and this was enhanced by Romanes’s …
- … that the originally red half has become wholly white’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [before 4 …
- … pp. 188–90). He drew attention to this discussion in a letter to George Rolleston, remarking on 2 …
- … Darwin wrote, ‘I beg ten thousand pardon & more’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [ c . February …
- … plants (Carus trans. 1876a). The German publisher E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung began to …
Women as a scientific audience
Summary
Target audience? | Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those exchanged with his editors and publisher, reveal a lot about his intended audience. Regardless of whether or not women were deliberately targeted as a…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Female readership | Reading Variation Darwin's letters, in particular those …
- … that his views are original and will appeal to the public. Darwin asks Murray to forward the …
- … obscure, even after it had been proofread and edited by “a lady”. Darwin, E. to Darwin, W …
- … her to read to check that she can understand it. Letter 7312 - Darwin to Darwin, F. …
- … from all but educated, typically-male readers. Letter 7124 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E …
- … he seeks her help with tone and style. Letter 7329 - Murray , J. to Darwin, [28 …
- … in order to minimise impeding general perusal. Letter 7331 - Darwin to Murray, …
- … he uses to avoid ownership of indelicate content. Letter 8335 - Reade, W. W. to …
- … so as not to lose the interest of women. Letter 8341 - Reade, W. W. to Darwin, …
- … Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. to Darwin, E., [8 November 1872] Ann Cupples asks …
- … readership Letter 5391 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, [6 February 1867] …
- … Society . Letter 6551 - Becker, L. E . to Darwin, [13 January 1869] …
- … Letter 7651 - Wedgwood, F. J. to Darwin, H. E., [1 April 1871] Frances Wedgwood …
- … 9633 - Nevill, D. F. to Darwin, [11 September 1874] Dorothy Nevill tells Darwin …
Darwin as mentor
Summary
Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific 'labourers' of both sexes. Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 March 1858] Darwin advises that Professor C. P. Smyth’s observations are not…
Matches: 13 hits
- … Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific …
- … of both sexes. Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 …
- … sweeping conclusions on insufficient grounds. Letter 3934 - Darwin to Scott, J., [21 …
- … how to make the material worthy of publication. Letter 4185 - Darwin to Scott, J., [25 …
- … “lucid vigorous style”. In consultation with Emma, Darwin offers Henrietta “some little memorial” in …
- … how he made so many observations without aid. Letter 8146 - Darwin to Treat, M., [5 …
- … “in some well-known scientific journal”. Letter 8171 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L., [21 …
- … that Lucy is worth her weight in gold. Letter 9005b - Darwin to Treat, M., [12 …
- … Drosera filiformis . In her position, he would not publish a statement on the Drosera bending …
- … should not yet be submitted to the publisher. Letter 9613 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., …
- … and thinks that it ought to be published. Letter 10523 - Darwin to Treat, M., [1 June …
- … in the pursuit of her “admirable work”. Letter 11096 - Darwin to Romanes, G. J., [9 …
- … her manuscript to Nature for publication. Letter 13414 - Darwin to Harrison, L., …
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
Summary
George Eliot was the pen name of celebrated Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880). She was born on the outskirts of Nuneaton in Warwickshire and was educated at boarding schools from the age of five until she was 16. Her education ended when she…
Matches: 4 hits
- … but living separately from his wife and unable to obtain a divorce. He and Evans set up home …
- … novels, under her pen name, achieved great acclaim. Darwin and his family were keen readers …
- … visitors (23 March 1873; Emma described his visit in a letter to Fanny Allen, [26 March 1873], DAR …
- … In fact, Emma and her younger daughter, Bessy, did call on a Saturday in October 1873 but the …
Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small
Summary
In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…
Matches: 22 hits
- … In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous …
- … chlorophyll by examining thin slices of plant tissue under a microscope. When not experimenting, he …
- … for scientific colleagues or their widows facing hardship. Darwin had suffered from poor health …
- … more weak than usual. To Lawson Tait, he remarked, ‘I feel a very old man, & my course is nearly …
- … early April, he was being carried upstairs with the aid of a special chair. The end came on 19 April …
- … 1881. But some of his scientific friends quickly organised a campaign for Darwin to have greater …
- … Botanical observation and experiment had long been Darwin’s greatest scientific pleasure. The year …
- … fertility of crosses between differently styled plants ( letter from Fritz Müller, 1 January 1882 …
- … working at the effects of Carbonate of Ammonia on roots,’ Darwin wrote, ‘the chief result being that …
- … the nature of their contents, if immersed for some hours in a weak solution of C. of Ammonia’. …
- … London on 6 and 16 March, respectively. In January, Darwin corresponded with George John …
- … François Marie Glaziou (see Correspondence vol. 28, letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 20 …
- … quite untirable & I am glad to shirk any extra labour’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 6 January …
- … probably intending to test its effects on chlorophyll ( letter to Joseph Fayrer, 30 March 1882 ). …
- … we know about the life of any one plant or animal!’ ( letter to Henry Groves, 3 April 1882 ). He …
- … the flowers & experimentising on them’ ( letter to J. E. Todd, 10 April 1882 ). While …
- … he is a good deal depressed about himself’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, 17 March …
- … is very calm but she has cried a little’ (letter from H. E. Litchfield to G. H. Darwin, [19 April …
- … overflowing in tenderness’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 10 May 1882 (DAR 219.1: 150)). …
- … he had witnessed an earthquake in 1835 ( letter from R. E. Alison, [March–July 1835 ]). …
- … without any mercy’ ( letter from Emma Wedgwood to F. E. E. Wedgwood, [28 October 1836] , letter …
- … father confessor. ( Letter from Charles Lyell, 1 September 1874 .) Darwin’s fame continued …
Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?
Summary
'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…
Matches: 22 hits
- … ‘My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, ‘is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can …
- … the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye to the crafting of his legacy. …
- … of On the origin of species , intended to be Darwin’s last, and of Expression of the …
- … in relation to sex , published in 1871, these books brought a strong if deceptive sense of a job …
- … himself without writing anything more on 'so difficult a subject, as evolution’ ( letter to A. …
- … earthworms in shaping the environment. The former led to a series of books and papers, and the …
- … worms , published in the year before his death. Despite Darwin’s declared intention to take up new …
- … begun many years before. In his private life also, Darwin was in a nostalgic frame of mind, …
- … The last word on Origin The year opened with Darwin, helped by his eldest son William, …
- … best efforts, set the final price at 7 s. 6 d. ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 February 1872 ) …
- … condition as I can make it’, he wrote to the translator ( letter to J. J. Moulinié, 23 September …
- … translation remained unpublished at the end of the year ( letter from C.-F. Reinwald, 23 November …
- … to the comparative anatomist St George Jackson Mivart ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January …
- … comparison of Whale & duck most beautiful’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 3 March 1872 ) …
- … a person as I am made to appear’, complained Darwin ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 5 January 1872 ). …
- … Darwin would renounce `fundamental intellectual errors’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 6 January …
- … selection is somewhat under a cloud’, he wrote to J. E. Taylor on 13 January , and he complained …
- … by her husband, Richard Buckley Litchfield ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 13 May 1872 ). Delivery …
- … 'I know that I am half-killed myself’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 25 July 1872 ). A …
- … a week later ( enclosure to letter from John Lubbock to W. E. Gladstone, 20 June 1872 ). Darwin …
- … Ruck, the sister of an old schoolfriend; he married Amy in 1874. Francis, still a medical student …
- … than usual. One such old friend was Sarah Haliburton, née Owen, to whose sister, Fanny, Darwin had …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 22 hits
- … The year 1876 started out sedately enough with Darwin working on the first draft of his book on the …
- … games. ‘I have won, hurrah, hurrah, 2795 games’, Darwin boasted; ‘my wife … poor creature, has won …
- … and cosseting regarding the ailments that were so much a feature of Darwin family life. But the calm …
- … Cross and self fertilisation , that the family suffered a devastating loss. The Darwins must have …
- … expected in September. Their joy at the safe delivery of a healthy boy was soon replaced by anguish …
- … death. For once, the labour of checking proofs proved a blessing, as Darwin sought solace for the …
- … his anxiety about Francis. By the end of the year there was a different order at Down House with …
- … Year's resolutions Darwin began the year by making a resolution. He would in future …
- … quantity of work’ left in him for ‘new matter’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). The …
- … to a reprint of the second edition of Climbing plants ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 23 February …
- … & I for blundering’, he cheerfully observed to Carus. ( Letter to J. V. Carus, 24 April 1876. …
- … provided evidence for the ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). Revising …
- … year to write about his life ( Correspondence vol. 23, letter from Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, 20 …
- … nowadays is evolution and it is the correct one’ ( letter from Nemo, [1876?] ). …
- … him ‘basely’ and who had succeeded in giving him pain ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876 ). …
- … Mivart made a slanderous attack on George Darwin in late 1874 in an anonymous article, which …
- … disgrace’ of blackballing so distinguished a zoologist ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 January 1876 ) …
- … we have & you are one of the best of all’ ( letter to W. E. Darwin, 11 September [1876] ). …
- … she confided to Henrietta (letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [31 August 1876] (DAR 219.9: …
- … herself & is so tender’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [13 September 1876] (DAR 210.6 …
- … completed autobiography (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [13 September 1876] (DAR 210.6: …
- … horticulturists and agriculturists in France ( letter from E. M. Heckel, 27 December 1876 ). In …
Animals, ethics, and the progress of science
Summary
Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…
Matches: 16 hits
- … Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical …
- … he described how his own regard for animals had developed to a point where, still a young man, he …
- … greatly in the 19 th century as physiology became a profession and an integral part of medical …
- … but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick with horror, …
- … who licked the hand of the operator; this man, unless he had a heart of stone, must have felt …
- … on rabbits. The investigation was partly aimed at testing Darwin’s ‘hypothesis of pangenesis’, which …
- … of different breeds together. Galton reported regularly to Darwin on the results (all negative). He …
- … Society, calling into question the theory of pangenesis. Darwin was taken aback, and swiftly replied …
- … deserved credit for his ‘ingenuity and perseverance’ ( letter to Nature , [before 27 April 1871] …
- … for further cross-circulation and ‘Siamesing’ ( letter from Francis Galton, 13 September 1871 ). …
- … Some of the results were promising, but inconclusive (see letter from G. J. Romanes, 14 July 1875 …
- … more influenced by experiments on animals than on plants’, Darwin conceded. ‘I think a large number …
- … for your work; & I suppose birds can be chloroformed (letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December …
- … branded physiologists as ‘demons let loose from hell’ ( letter to F. B. Cobbe, [14 January 1875] ) …
- … detail here . He stated his position most frankly in a letter to Henrietta, 4 January [1875] . …
- … freely and repeatedly on plants and ‘lower’ animals (e.g., worms), Darwin was now confronted with …
Darwin in letters, 1878: Movement and sleep
Summary
In 1878, Darwin devoted most of his attention to the movements of plants. He investigated the growth pattern of roots and shoots, studying the function of specific organs in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of…
Matches: 21 hits
- … lessen injury to leaves from radiation In 1878, Darwin devoted most of his attention to …
- … in this process. Working closely with his son Francis, Darwin devised a series of experiments to …
- … plant laboratories in Europe. While Francis was away, Darwin delighted in his role as …
- … the mental faculties of the two-year-old with those of a monkey. Another diversion from botanical …
- … agent of progress. The year closed with remarkable news of a large legacy bequeathed to Darwin by a …
- … Hooker, ‘or as far as I know any scientific man’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December [1878] ). …
- … Expression ), and the final revision of Origin (1872), Darwin had turned almost exclusively to …
- … position assumed by leaves at night (nyctitropism) was a protection against heat loss. ‘I think we …
- … me much & has cost us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of Linnaus. But we …
- … Movement in plants In the spring of 1878, Darwin started to focus on the first shoots and …
- … were enrolled as researchers, as were family members. Darwin asked his niece Sophy to observe …
- … or arched.… Almost all seedlings come up arched’ ( letter to Sophy Wedgwood, 24 March [1878–80] ). …
- … when he finds out that he missed sensitiveness of apex’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, [11 May 1878] …
- … Darwin complained. ‘I am ashamed at my blunder’ ( letter to John Tyndall, 22 December [1878] ). …
- … accursed German language: Sachs is very kind to him’ ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 18 June …
- … have nobody to talk to, about my work, I scribble to you ( letter to Francis Darwin, 7 [July 1878] …
- … but it is horrid not having you to discuss it with’ ( letter to Francis Darwin, 20 [July 1878] ). …
- … determine whether they had chlorophyll, Francis reported ( letter from Francis Darwin, [after 7 …
- … ‘There is one machine we must have’, Francis wrote ( letter from Francis Darwin, [before 17 July …
- … and an earlier effort to promote his scheme at the 1874 meeting of the British Association in …
- … him of the soundness of London property ( letter from W. E. Darwin, 13 December [1878] ). ‘This is …
Moral Nature
Summary
In Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human morality had evolved from the social instincts of animals, especially the bonds of sympathy and love. Darwin gathered observations over many decades on animal behavior: the heroic sacrifices of social insects,…
Matches: 20 hits
- … | Selected Readings In Descent of Man , Darwin argued that human morality had …
- … instincts, and perhaps others.... These instincts consist of a feeling of love & sympathy or …
- … (Barrett et al. eds. 1987, p. 619) Darwin gathered observations over many decades on …
- … regard for others were beneficial to animal communities as a whole, and helped them to survive in …
- … the social instincts that humans shared with animals. Darwin's moral theory was the most …
- … obligation, compassion, guilt, and the pangs of conscience. Darwin's theory was condemned by …
- … female members of their hive in order to protect the queen. Darwin engaged with his critics in …
- … save another. Letters Letter 7048 : Darwin, W. E., to Darwin, …
- … the result of association and depending upon intellect to a great extent. It is very extraordinary …
- … allowing the moral faculty to be inheritable, but rather in a muddle on the whole subject" …
- … (Morley 1871). Darwin admired the review, and initiated a correspondence about the power of natural …
- … wh. belong of right to what I should call Social Selection--i.e., the selection by a community, …
- … but 'in the air' from generation to generation." Letter 7685 : Darwin to …
- … think that there is any evidence that man ever existed as a non-social animal." …
- … the moral sense, at a time when Paris is aflame". Letter 7145 : Darwin to Cobbe, F. …
- … apes & savages at the moral sense of mankind." Letter 7149 : Cobbe, F. P. to …
- … metaphysics & physics form one great philosophy?" Letter 7470 : Wedgwood, …
- … which look with reverence or respect is shame." Letter 7537 : Darwin, C. R. to …
- … Letter 9377 : Darwin, C. R. to Abbott, F. E. A., 30 March 1874 Writing to the American …
- … H. 1974. 'Early writings of Charles Darwin', in Gruber, H. E., Darwin on man. A …
Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 22 hits
- … kingdom , published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide …
- … on plants with two or three different forms of flowers, Darwin had focused on the anatomical and …
- … of different forms of pollen. Although many plants that Darwin observed had flowers with adaptations …
- … rates, growth, and constitutional vigour. Although Darwin was no stranger to long months and years …
- … … is highly remarkable’ In September 1866, Darwin announced to the American botanist …
- … several years ( To Édouard Bornet, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin began a series of experiments, …
- … ( To Edouard Bornet, 20 August [1867] ). It was only after a new season of experiments that Darwin …
- … access to flowers was only the tip of the iceberg. Darwin next focused on the California …
- … unnoticed, had it existed in all individuals of such a common garden plant. Perhaps in the case of …
- … conditions’ ( From Fritz Müller, 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s interest was piqued and he described …
- … when self-fertilised, although fewer than crossed plants. Darwin sent some of these seeds to Müller, …
- … [1868] ). Müller, in turn, sent seeds from his plants to Darwin and both men continued to …
- … generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, on receiving a new batch of seeds from Darwin, ‘that it …
- … ( From Fritz Müller, 15 June 1869 ). By May 1870, Darwin reported that he was ‘rearing crossed …
- … plants’ ( To Fritz Müller, 12 May 1870 ). From a fairly early stage in his experimental …
- … & about which I dont know whether you w d care, is that a great excess of, or very little …
- … weight, or period of germination in the seeds of Ipomœa. I remember saying the contrary to you & …
- … 17 March [1867] ). He noted another factor in a letter to Gray, remarking, ‘I am going on with my …
- … [1873] ). In September, Darwin wrote a long letter to Nature commenting on a seemingly …
- … ( To Fritz Müller, 25 September 1873 ). But by March 1874, some doubts seemed to have arisen when …
- … with new & related matter. ( To J. V. Carus, 19 March [1874] ). A year later, Darwin still …
- … A. R. Wallace, 13 December 1876 ). No reply to this letter has been found, but Darwin had long …
3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871
Summary
< Back to Introduction The leading photographic firm of Elliott and Fry seems to have portrayed Darwin at Down House on several occasions. In November 1869 Darwin told A. B. Meyer, who wanted photographs of both him and Wallace for a German…
Matches: 22 hits
- … photographic firm of Elliott and Fry seems to have portrayed Darwin at Down House on several …
- … Payments to the firm on 25 July 1869 and 5 April 1870 in Darwin’s banking account must relate to …
- … to Wallace. Elliott and Fry evidently approached Darwin again in the spring of 1871, with a …
- … to Down again for a simpler portrayal. On 2 August 1871, Darwin wrote, ‘Many thanks for the …
- … which of Elliott and Fry’s widely disseminated images of Darwin were taken in summer 1869, and which …
- … the later 1870s are clearly wide of the mark. As regards Darwin’s appearance, he does not look older …
- … this group of photographs, of which there is a print in the Darwin archive (DAR 225.117), shows a …
- … and must therefore have been reissued commemoratively. Darwin’s daughter Henrietta owned this, and …
- … to it. In another of Elliott and Fry’s photographs, Darwin sits sternly erect; in yet another he …
- … to a profile or nearer to a frontal view. In all of them Darwin is wearing a distinctive waistcoat, …
- … the complexities, John van Wyhe, in his ‘Iconography’ of Darwin portraits, identifies some of the …
- … 1871, but dates others (still with the spotted waistcoat) to 1874. Elliott and Fry were …
- … the day, which were widely marketed. Thus the photographs of Darwin were frequently reissued in …
- … in the National Portrait Gallery. An idealised version of Darwin’s head from one of the Elliott and …
- … to the June 1882 issue, which had two obituary articles on Darwin. It had also appeared in another …
- … lurid Illustrated Police News, accompanying a notice of Darwin’s death in 1882. A vignette …
- … taken in summer 1869 and summer 1871, possible also in 1874. computer-readable date c …
- … references and bibliography letters from Darwin to A.B. Meyer, 27 November [1869], (DCP-LETT-7014) …
- … Popular Science Monthly vol. 2 (Feb. 1873), accompanying a review of Expression of the Emotions …
- … 140.1.9). Wood engraving in The Pictorial World (6 June 1874), p. 228 (DAR 140.1.3). Another …
- … in 1881 (DAR 140 1.33) and for an obituary article in a supplement to the same journal (22 April …
- … A further derivative is an intaglio engraving signed ‘E.W. Andrews fecit’ in the Natural History …
Darwin and vivisection
Summary
Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…
Matches: 14 hits
- … Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. …
- … The prosecution was unsuccessful, but it gave rise to a series of campaigns to increase public …
- … draft legislation that would protect animals from suffering. Darwin was sympathetic to the cause, …
- … me) attack on Virchow for experimenting on the Trichinae’ (letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January …
- … drew on his own family circle for assistance in preparing a bill for Parliament. Darwin …
- … recent research on insectivorous plants. Indeed, some of Darwin’s plant experiments, such as …
- … laboratory (Klein et al . 1873), which became a focus of criticism in the debates because it …
- … I love with all my heart’ ( Correspondence vol. 19, letter to ?, 19 May [1871] ). As a …
- … farmers and their staff (see Correspondence vol. 14, letter to a local landowner, [1866?] ). …
- … by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter to E. Ray Lankester, he wrote: ‘You …
- … I shall not sleep to-night’ ( Correspondence vol. 19, letter to E. R. Lankester, 22 March [1871 …
- … was a sensitive subject within Darwin’s family. In his letter of 14 January 1875 to Huxley, …
- … ones (men of course) or I might get one or two’ (letter from Emma Darwin to F. P. Cobbe, 14 …
- … ‘we wd do whatever else you think best’ (letter to E. H. Stanley, 15 April 1875 ). After further …
Movement in Plants
Summary
The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…
Matches: 20 hits
- … 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which …
- … about their research while he was away from home. Although Darwin lacked a state of the art research …
- … methods and use the most advanced laboratory equipment. Darwin also benefitted from the instrument …
- … that Francis had been introduced to at Würzburg. Darwin described his experimental practice …
- … plant physiology, but it was at its core informed by Darwin’s theory of evolution, particularly by …
- … general law or system’ In the early 1860s, at a time when his health was especially bad, …
- … of climbing in all its forms. It was quickly reproduced as a small book, giving it a much wider …
- … the topic within an evolutionary framework. He received a wealth of information from correspondents …
- … at one point Darwin had considered combining the works in a single volume ( letter to J. V. Carus, …
- … was the plant equivalent of digestion or reflex action at a physiological level? Was there a …
- … between 45 o & 90 o to the horizon ’. By May 1874, Thiselton-Dyer had observed some …
- … , a plant that exhibited all three types of movement ( letter from R. I. Lynch, [before 28 July …
- … the woodblock using photography for scientific accuracy ( letter from J. D. Cooper, 13 December …
- … lost colour, withered, and died within a couple of days ( letter from A. F. Batalin, 28 February …
- … how their observations could have been so much at odds ( letter to Hugo de Vries 13 February 1879 …
- … the botanist Gaetano Durando, to find plants and seeds ( letter to Francis Darwin, [4 February – 8 …
- … only the regulator & not cause of movement ’. In the same letter, Darwin discussed terminology, …
- … to replace Frank’s ‘Transversal-Heliotropismus’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin, 10 February [1880] ). …
- … experiments and devised a new test, which he described in a letter to his mother, ‘ I did some …
- … and it appeared in 1880 (F. Darwin 1880b). In the same letter, Francis revealed the frustration of …
Francis Darwin
Summary
Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished scientist. He was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge, initially studying mathematics, but then transferring to natural sciences. Francis completed…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished …
- … of surviving correspondence with his father while he was a student is largely about money. He had …
- … so bothersome an old fellow as I daresay I appear to you’ (letter to Francis Darwin, 18 October …
- … He became engaged to Amy Ruck in 1872; the couple married in 1874. Francis was already living in …
- … in his father's botanical work, spending some time in a laboratory run by Julius von Sachs in …
- … his father had not been knighted, although in 1877 Charles Darwin was awarded an honorary degree …
- … notably on movement in plants, and they had written a book on this topic together ( The Power of …
- … letters. His Royal Society obituary notice suggests a gifted, straightforward and deeply kind man. …
'An Appeal' against animal cruelty
Summary
The four-page pamphlet transcribed below and entitled 'An Appeal', was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 September 1863]). The pamphlet, which protested against the cruelty of steel vermin…
Matches: 11 hits
- … 'An Appeal', was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin …
- … of the pamphlet in August and September 1863 (see letter from G. B. Sowerby Jr to Emma Darwin, 22 …
- … ( Bromley Record , 1 September 1863, p. 168). In addition, a version of the pamphlet was published …
- … 1863, pp. 821–2, under the title `Vermin and traps' ( Letter no. 4282). The wording of the …
- … The Darwins’ 'Appeal' appears to have been inspired by a series of letters published in …
- … William Howitt, drew attention to the scale of trapping on a game-preserving estate in North Wales, …
- … 1 February 1872, p. 66, 1 April 1872, pp. 99–100, 1 April 1874, p. 56). Charles and Emma …
- … more success with the campaign than she expected (see the letter from Emma Darwin to William Erasmus …
- … account book (Down House MS), 20 August 1863, recording a payment of £2 11 s. 6 d. for …
- … more cruelty than the possible alternatives (see letter from E. L. Darwin, 7 September 1863, letter …
- … , pp. 78–9, Correspondence vol. 7, letter to W. E. Darwin, 22 [September 1858], and this volume, …
Darwin’s reading notebooks
Summary
In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…
Matches: 28 hits
- … In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished …
- … used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwin’s letters; the full transcript …
- … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwin’s alterations. The spelling and …
- … book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been …
- … a few instances, primarily in the ‘Books Read’ sections, Darwin recorded that a work had been …
- … of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the …
- … own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific …
- … 1819]. see p. 17 Note Book C. for reference to authors about E. Indian Islands 8 consult D r …
- … of variation in animals in the different isl ds of E Indian Archipelago— [DAR *119: 6v.] …
- … & Rev. W. Herbert.— notes to White Nat. Hist of Selbourne [E. T. Bennett ed. 1837 and [J. Rennie …
- … [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands & Western Isl ds letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824 …
- … 2 vols. 8vo. avec 2 atlas 4to. ibid, 1818–23. £1 2 s [E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1818–23] …
- … said to be Poor Sir. J. Edwards Botanical Tour [?J. E. Smith 1793] Fabricius (very old …
- … at Maer.— Lives of Kepler & Galileo. Drinkwater [J. E. Drinkwater] 1833]— Prof. …
- … on Aurochs [Weissenborn 1838] Smiths grammar [J. E. Smith 1821] & introduct of Botany [J. …
- … 1834–40]: In Portfolio of “abstracts” 34 —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm …
- … M rs Fry’s Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
- … Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleay’s letter to D r Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
- … [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
- … of the material from these portfolios is in DAR 205, the letter from William Edward Shuckard to …
- … ( Notebooks , pp. 319–28). 55 The letter was addressed to Nicholas Aylward Vigors …
- … design . (Bridgewater Treatise no. 4.) London. [9th ed. (1874) in Darwin Library.] 119: 5a …
- … Bernier, François. 1826. Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656–1668 . Translated by Irving …
- … Bethune, John. 1840. Poems by the late John Bethune; with a sketch of the author’s life by his …
- … eds.] 119: 11a Blacklock, Ambrose. 1838. A treatise on sheep; with the best means …
- … Blaine, Delabere Pritchett. 1824. Canine pathology; or, a full description of the diseases of …
- … ——. 1840. An encyclopædia of rural sports; or, a complete account, historical, practical, …
- … 1844. Algeria, past and present. Containing a description of the country … with a review of …
Lydia Becker
Summary
Becker was a leading member of the suffrage movement, perhaps best known for publishing the Women’s Suffrage Journal. She was also a successful biologist, astronomer and botanist and, between 1863 and 1877, an occasional correspondent of Charles Darwin. …
Matches: 6 hits
- … Becker was a leading member of the suffrage movement, perhaps best known for publishing the Women …
- … to publish her articles. Perhaps most surprising was Darwin’s willingness to provide Becker …
- … Literary Society. On December 22nd 1866 Becker wrote to Darwin to ask if he would “be so very …
- … continued, “but I think it possible you may have by you a copy of some paper such as that on the …
- … inaccessible to us unless through your kindness.” Darwin responded by sending not one but …
- … `Three forms of Lythrum salicaria ‘) . Whether Darwin realised that he was providing …
