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To Gardeners’ Chronicle   [4–5 June 1860]

Summary

Wants to hear from readers about the way in which the bee-orchid (Ophrys apifera) is fertilised. He has always found it to be self-fertilised but greatly doubts that the flowers of any plant are fertilised for generations by their own pollen. The bee-orchid has sticky glands, which would make it adapted for fertilisation by insects; this makes him want to hear what happens to its pollen-masses in places he has not observed.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Gardeners’ Chronicle
Date:  [4 or 5] June 1860
Classmark:  Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 9 June 1860, p. 528
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2826

Matches: 5 hits

  • Fly Orchis is tolerably common, if he will have the kindness to make a few simple observations on their manner of fertilisation. To render the subject clear to those who know nothing of botany, I must briefly describe what takes place in our common British Orchids. …
  • fly orchis ( O. muscifera ) are only found on chalky soil like that in the vicinity of Down. This experiment is recorded in CD’s Experimental book, p.  59 (DAR 157a). Orchis morio (a synonym of Anacamptis morio , the green-wing orchid) …
  • Fly Orchis ( Ophrys muscifera ), the pollen-masses, furnished with sticky glands, do not naturally fall out of their pouches, nor can they be shaken out; so that insect-agency is necessary, as with the species of the other genera, for their fertilisation. But insects here do their work far less effectually than with common Orchids; …
  • Fly Orchis in other districts; for it seems a strange fact that a plant should grow pretty well, as it does in this part of Kent, and yet during several years seldom be fertilised. We now come to the Bee Orchis ( Ophrys apifera ), which presents a very different case; the pollen masses are furnished with sticky glands, but differently from in all the foregoing Orchids, …
  • Orchids are so manifest? Are we to conclude that this one species is provided with these organs for no use? I cannot think so; but would rather infer that, during some years or in some other districts, insects do visit the Bee Orchis and occasionally transport pollen from one flower to another, and thus give it the advantage of an occasional cross. We have seen that the Fly

From Richard Spruce   15 April 1869

Summary

Describes the floral structure and fertilisation of some melastomes;

discusses the direct agency of insects in modifying the structure of flowers.

Author:  Richard Spruce
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  15 Apr 1869
Classmark:  DAR 177: 242
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6697

Matches: 1 hit

  • … of the flies. ” I have not by me your charming book on the Fertilisation of Orchids, but I …

From R. D. Fitzgerald   20 September 1875

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Summary

On fertilisation in certain orchids.

Author:  Robert David Fitzgerald
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 Sept 1875
Classmark:  DAR 164: 130
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-10161

Matches: 2 hits

  • … 1875 ). In Orchids 2d ed. , p. 89, CD quoted Fitzgerald’s description of a fly landing on …
  • flies brought into contact with the anther and stigma by the spring of the labellum. I have absolutely observed such fertilisation in two instances one in a house and the other in the “bush” I have just noticed a remark in “My Garden” by A Smee FRS which I think curiously supports my suggestion as to the method in which Angræcum sesquipedale may be fertilised.  speaking of it he sais “having a long appendage which the crickets delight to eat making the flower look ridiculous” p.  302. I am in hopes that I may be able soon to send you the second part of the Orchids

From Francis Elliott Kitchener   9 November 1867

Summary

Sends Swiss Aquilegia flowers in which insects have eaten away the spurs.

Suggests fetid smell of Stapelia attracts carrion flies.

Author:  Francis Elliott Kitchener
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  9 Nov 1867
Classmark:  DAR 169: 39
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-5674

Matches: 2 hits

  • Orchids , pp.  49–52, CD conjectured that moths (Lepidoptera) sucked fluid from between the inner and outer membranes of the nectaries of Orchis pyramidalis (now Anacamptis pyramidalis ), though he admitted that no case was recorded of moths penetrating a membrane with their probosces. The pollination of Stapelia by flies
  • Orchids”: I merely send the fact as possibly of use of you. Please do not trouble yourself to answer this in any way. Y r obedient Servant | F.  E.  Kitchener. Has any one yet investigated the fertilization of the Stapelia, to see, whether the putrid smell may be regarded as a mimetic resemblance to carrion, which benefits the plant by attracting flies, …

To Francis Darwin   14 July [1878]

Summary

Asks for list of families of sleeping plants. Believes sleep is merely modified circumnutation at a particular time of day.

Porlieria has had no water for some time but shows no sign of flagging.

Describes the response of Thalia flowers to touch.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  14 July [1878]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 35, 36, 39
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11608

Matches: 1 hit

  • fly trap. CD had described the ejection of the pollinia in three species of the orchid

To H. G. Bronn   30 June [1862]

Summary

Encloses answers and corrections [concerning Orchids]. Thanks HGB for translating it.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Heinrich Georg Bronn
Date:  30 June [1862]
Classmark:  Bronn trans. 1862; DAR 143: 155; Houghton Library, Harvard University (MS Lowell Autograph File 83)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3630

Matches: 2 hits

  • fly. O.  latifolia is a synonym of Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata , the early marsh-orchid; …
  • Orchids*] [*] With respect to Orchis maculata, my son George Darwin, who is an entomologist and careful observer, has clearly made out the manner of its fertilisation. He saw many specimens of a fly ( …

From J. D. Hooker   [29 August 1874]

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Summary

Lady Dorothy Nevill is CD’s best chance for Dionaea.

Reports on Belfast meeting of BAAS. Lubbock’s lecture went off admirably. Huxley’s was the magnum opus.

Encloses letter from Mrs Barber on protective coloration of animals.

Author:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [29 Aug 1874]
Classmark:  DAR 103: 219–20
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9610

Matches: 1 hit

  • fly trap and is native to North America; CD was interested in it for his work on insectivorous plants. Dorothy Fanny Nevill cultivated orchids, …

To W. C. Tait   12 and 16 March 1869

Summary

Thanks for specimen of Drosophyllum.

Describes capacity of various plants to catch flies.

Cannot name fern specimen.

Laugher pigeon descended from Columba livia.

Discusses tailless dogs.

Believes astronomical phenomenon responsible for oscillation of level of earth’s crust.

Would WCT like copy of Orchids?

Expected plants [Drosophyllum] have arrived.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Chester Tait
Date:  12 and 16 Mar 1869
Classmark:  DAR 147: 541; Sotheby’s (dealers) (19 July 1990)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6661

Matches: 1 hit

  • flies. Cannot name fern specimen. Laugher pigeon descended from Columba livia . Discusses tailless dogs. Believes astronomical phenomenon responsible for oscillation of level of earth’s crust. Would WCT like copy of Orchids ? …

From Asa Gray   26 May 1863

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Summary

Discusses recent correspondence in the Athenæum: the disagreement between Lyell and Hugh Falconer and Owen’s remarks on heterogeny [see 4110].

Briefly discusses orchids and some problems in phyllotaxy.

Mentions the political situation and the quarrelsome behaviour of the English.

Author:  Asa Gray
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  26 May 1863
Classmark:  DAR 165: 135
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4186

Matches: 1 hit

  • Orchids , pp.  274–6). Gray, however, was convinced that pollination was effected by insects, probably flies, …

To Hermann Müller   14 March 1870

Summary

Interested that HM is studying structure of insects in relation to flowers.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller
Date:  14 Mar 1870
Classmark:  DAR 146: 432; Krause 1884, pp. 19–20
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-7131

Matches: 1 hit

  • flies and midges; Hymenoptera are bees, wasps and ants. In his letter to Müller of 16 August [1867] (this volume, Supplement), CD noted that he had only ever seen wasps visiting Epipactis latifolia (a synonym of E. helleborine , broad-leaved helleborine). CD received a specimen of Angraecum sesquipedale (comet orchid) …

To Daniel Oliver   11 September [1861]

Summary

Has put Drosera off while amusing himself with Primula and orchids.

Dionaea is prettily adapted to weight detection.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Daniel Oliver
Date:  11 Sept [1861]
Classmark:  DAR 261.10: 30, 66 (EH 88206013, EH 88206049)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3251

Matches: 1 hit

  • Orchids). — I have made out very little on Dionæa: merely that the leaf behaves very differently when a fly, …

From J. B. Innes   20 September 1881

Summary

Did not intend his last letter as criticism. Is sure CD would not "wriggle out" of a difficulty if he had observed it.

Sends CD a wasps’ nest.

Author:  John Brodie Innes
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 Sept 1881
Classmark:  DAR 167: 40
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13343

Matches: 1 hit

  • orchids in 1860 and 1861 (see Correspondence vols 8 and 9). It was considered unsporting for anglers to use live bait rather than artificial flies

From Hermann Crüger   23 April 1863

Summary

Observations on Catasetum.

Figs require insects in order to set seed.

Author:  Hermann Crüger
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  23 Apr 1863
Classmark:  DAR 161: 276, DAR 205.8: 68 (Letters)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4124

Matches: 1 hit

  • flies or small wasps might puncture the horns on the stamens of Melastomataceae in order to collect the fluid within (see letter to Asa Gray, 19 January [1863] ). CD’s letter has not been found, but see the letter from Hermann Crüger, 23 February 1863 . Crüger refers to Orchids , …

To Bingham Sibthorpe Malden   15–16 June [1861]

Summary

Thanks BSM for orchid specimens. Discusses various species of Orchis and Ophrys.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Bingham Sibthorpe Malden
Date:  15–16 June [1861]
Classmark:  American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.254)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3183

Matches: 1 hit

  • orchids, with leaves not spotted & with hollow stems were O.  latifolia (which I once saw) & the white ones O.  maculata   Would you have the kindness to tell me whether this is the case? I was, also, glad to examine the state of pollen-masses of your Canterbury Fly

From Hermann Müller   25 January 1877

Summary

Thanks CD for calling attention to a "considerable error" in his observations on Hottonia fertility [in Die Befruchtung der Blumen (1873)]. [See Forms of flowers, p. 52.]

Author:  Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  25 Jan 1877
Classmark:  DAR 110: A26–7
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-10815

Matches: 1 hit

  • Orchids 2d ed. , pp. vii–x. In Forms of flowers , pp. 263–8, CD discussed Müller’s suggestion ( H. Müller 1873 , p. 352) that homostyled plants might have been rendered heterostyled from the effects of habit (Müller observed flies

From Hermann Crüger   21 January 1864

Summary

Sends his MS of orchid paper ["A few notes on the fecundation of orchids and their morphology", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 8 (1865): 127–35] for CD to send to an editor.

CD was right about Catasetum sexes.

Ficus experiments fail.

Author:  Hermann Crüger
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  21 Jan 1864
Classmark:  DAR 161: 278
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4394

Matches: 1 hit

  • fly to the cultivated fig to lay eggs, carrying pollen with them. See n.  14, above. See Crüger 1864 , p.  127. In his letter of 23 February 1863 ( Correspondence vol.  11), Crüger expressed the opinion that Catasetum tridentatum and Myanthus barbatus were distinct species. CD had argued in Orchids , …

From T. H. Farrer   4 June 1868

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Summary

Describes work with pollinia of another Orchis species.

Author:  Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  4 June 1868
Classmark:  DAR 164: 42
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-6229

Matches: 1 hit

  • Orchids , pp.  139–47). Farrer refers to Henrietta Emma Darwin . Farrer had married into the Wedgwood family; his wife Frances was the daughter of Maitland Erskine, the half sister of Emma Darwin’s cousin Frances Emma Elizabeth Wedgwood . Henrietta visited Frances Emma Elizabeth and Hensleigh Wedgwood at Cumberland Place in London from 29 May to 4 June ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242); Post Office London directory 1868). On Ophrys muscifera (the fly

From D F. Nevill   2 September [1874]

Summary

Hooker has told her of CD’s work on insectivorous plants. Offers plants, but her Dionaea plants are too small now.

Author:  Dorothy Fanny Walpole; Dorothy Fanny Nevill
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  2 Sept [1874]
Classmark:  DAR 172: 24
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9620

Matches: 1 hit

  • orchids, Nevill had sent specimens from her large collection of tropical plants (see Correspondence vol.  9, letter to D.  F.  Nevill, 19 November [1861] , and Correspondence vol.  10, letter to D.  F.  Nevill, 22 January [1862] ). Joseph Dalton Hooker had suggested Nevill as the most likely source of Dionaea , the Venus fly

From Roland Trimen   2 September 1877

Summary

Thanks for Forms of flowers.

Author:  Roland Trimen
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  2 Sept 1877
Classmark:  DAR 178: 192
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-11124

Matches: 1 hit

  • orchids were capable of, I have always had my misgivings as to “pulling” flowers for mere bouquets or decoration. It is terrible to think of the infinite maiming and maltreatment plants everywhere undergo, even from those “sweet-hearted” ones “whose light-blue eyes Are tender over drowning flies. ” …

To J. D. Hooker   7 August [1860]

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Summary

Owen wants to be civil, and sneer behind CD’s back.

Those, like Rudolph Wagner, who want to go halfway on theory, are "booked to go further".

Anatomy of orchids.

Huxley says K. E. von Baer goes "a great way with me".

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:  7 Aug [1860]
Classmark:  DAR 115: 72
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2892

Matches: 1 hit

  • flies by their proboscis . I must try & get this plant to observe it, with respect to intercrossing. — Please answer this sometime On reflexion I fear the Catasetum do not grow in pots & would not bear even for short time temperature of sitting room & would be too precious to lend me. — Could I buy any Green-house orchids
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