To Gardeners’ Chronicle [4–5 June 1860]
Summary
Wants to hear from readers about the way in which the bee-orchid (Ophrys apifera) is fertilised. He has always found it to be self-fertilised but greatly doubts that the flowers of any plant are fertilised for generations by their own pollen. The bee-orchid has sticky glands, which would make it adapted for fertilisation by insects; this makes him want to hear what happens to its pollen-masses in places he has not observed.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Gardeners’ Chronicle |
Date: | [4 or 5] June 1860 |
Classmark: | Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 9 June 1860, p. 528 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-2826 |
Matches: 5 hits
- … Fly Orchis is tolerably common, if he will have the kindness to make a few simple observations on their manner of fertilisation. To render the subject clear to those who know nothing of botany, I must briefly describe what takes place in our common British Orchids. …
- … fly orchis ( O. muscifera ) are only found on chalky soil like that in the vicinity of Down. This experiment is recorded in CD’s Experimental book, p. 59 (DAR 157a). Orchis morio (a synonym of Anacamptis morio , the green-wing orchid) …
- … Fly Orchis ( Ophrys muscifera ), the pollen-masses, furnished with sticky glands, do not naturally fall out of their pouches, nor can they be shaken out; so that insect-agency is necessary, as with the species of the other genera, for their fertilisation. But insects here do their work far less effectually than with common Orchids; …
- … Fly Orchis in other districts; for it seems a strange fact that a plant should grow pretty well, as it does in this part of Kent, and yet during several years seldom be fertilised. We now come to the Bee Orchis ( Ophrys apifera ), which presents a very different case; the pollen masses are furnished with sticky glands, but differently from in all the foregoing Orchids, …
- … Orchids are so manifest? Are we to conclude that this one species is provided with these organs for no use? I cannot think so; but would rather infer that, during some years or in some other districts, insects do visit the Bee Orchis and occasionally transport pollen from one flower to another, and thus give it the advantage of an occasional cross. We have seen that the Fly …
From Richard Spruce 15 April 1869
Summary
Describes the floral structure and fertilisation of some melastomes;
discusses the direct agency of insects in modifying the structure of flowers.
Author: | Richard Spruce |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 15 Apr 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 177: 242 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6697 |
From R. D. Fitzgerald 20 September 1875
Author: | Robert David Fitzgerald |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 20 Sept 1875 |
Classmark: | DAR 164: 130 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10161 |
Matches: 2 hits
- … 1875 ). In Orchids 2d ed. , p. 89, CD quoted Fitzgerald’s description of a fly landing on …
- … flies brought into contact with the anther and stigma by the spring of the labellum. I have absolutely observed such fertilisation in two instances one in a house and the other in the “bush” I have just noticed a remark in “My Garden” by A Smee FRS which I think curiously supports my suggestion as to the method in which Angræcum sesquipedale may be fertilised. speaking of it he sais “having a long appendage which the crickets delight to eat making the flower look ridiculous” p. 302. I am in hopes that I may be able soon to send you the second part of the Orchids …
From Francis Elliott Kitchener 9 November 1867
Summary
Sends Swiss Aquilegia flowers in which insects have eaten away the spurs.
Suggests fetid smell of Stapelia attracts carrion flies.
Author: | Francis Elliott Kitchener |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 9 Nov 1867 |
Classmark: | DAR 169: 39 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-5674 |
Matches: 2 hits
- … Orchids , pp. 49–52, CD conjectured that moths (Lepidoptera) sucked fluid from between the inner and outer membranes of the nectaries of Orchis pyramidalis (now Anacamptis pyramidalis ), though he admitted that no case was recorded of moths penetrating a membrane with their probosces. The pollination of Stapelia by flies …
- … Orchids”: I merely send the fact as possibly of use of you. Please do not trouble yourself to answer this in any way. Y r obedient Servant | F. E. Kitchener. Has any one yet investigated the fertilization of the Stapelia, to see, whether the putrid smell may be regarded as a mimetic resemblance to carrion, which benefits the plant by attracting flies, …
To Francis Darwin 14 July [1878]
Summary
Asks for list of families of sleeping plants. Believes sleep is merely modified circumnutation at a particular time of day.
Porlieria has had no water for some time but shows no sign of flagging.
Describes the response of Thalia flowers to touch.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Francis Darwin |
Date: | 14 July [1878] |
Classmark: | DAR 211: 35, 36, 39 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11608 |
To H. G. Bronn 30 June [1862]
Summary
Encloses answers and corrections [concerning Orchids]. Thanks HGB for translating it.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Heinrich Georg Bronn |
Date: | 30 June [1862] |
Classmark: | Bronn trans. 1862; DAR 143: 155; Houghton Library, Harvard University (MS Lowell Autograph File 83) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3630 |
Matches: 2 hits
- … fly. O. latifolia is a synonym of Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata , the early marsh-orchid; …
- … Orchids*] [*] With respect to Orchis maculata, my son George Darwin, who is an entomologist and careful observer, has clearly made out the manner of its fertilisation. He saw many specimens of a fly ( …
From J. D. Hooker [29 August 1874]
Summary
Lady Dorothy Nevill is CD’s best chance for Dionaea.
Reports on Belfast meeting of BAAS. Lubbock’s lecture went off admirably. Huxley’s was the magnum opus.
Encloses letter from Mrs Barber on protective coloration of animals.
Author: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | [29 Aug 1874] |
Classmark: | DAR 103: 219–20 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-9610 |
To W. C. Tait 12 and 16 March 1869
Summary
Thanks for specimen of Drosophyllum.
Describes capacity of various plants to catch flies.
Cannot name fern specimen.
Laugher pigeon descended from Columba livia.
Discusses tailless dogs.
Believes astronomical phenomenon responsible for oscillation of level of earth’s crust.
Would WCT like copy of Orchids?
Expected plants [Drosophyllum] have arrived.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | William Chester Tait |
Date: | 12 and 16 Mar 1869 |
Classmark: | DAR 147: 541; Sotheby’s (dealers) (19 July 1990) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6661 |
From Asa Gray 26 May 1863
Summary
Discusses recent correspondence in the Athenæum: the disagreement between Lyell and Hugh Falconer and Owen’s remarks on heterogeny [see 4110].
Briefly discusses orchids and some problems in phyllotaxy.
Mentions the political situation and the quarrelsome behaviour of the English.
Author: | Asa Gray |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 26 May 1863 |
Classmark: | DAR 165: 135 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4186 |
To Hermann Müller 14 March 1870
Summary
Interested that HM is studying structure of insects in relation to flowers.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller |
Date: | 14 Mar 1870 |
Classmark: | DAR 146: 432; Krause 1884, pp. 19–20 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7131 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … flies and midges; Hymenoptera are bees, wasps and ants. In his letter to Müller of 16 August [1867] (this volume, Supplement), CD noted that he had only ever seen wasps visiting Epipactis latifolia (a synonym of E. helleborine , broad-leaved helleborine). CD received a specimen of Angraecum sesquipedale (comet orchid) …
To Daniel Oliver 11 September [1861]
Summary
Has put Drosera off while amusing himself with Primula and orchids.
Dionaea is prettily adapted to weight detection.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Daniel Oliver |
Date: | 11 Sept [1861] |
Classmark: | DAR 261.10: 30, 66 (EH 88206013, EH 88206049) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3251 |
From J. B. Innes 20 September 1881
Summary
Did not intend his last letter as criticism. Is sure CD would not "wriggle out" of a difficulty if he had observed it.
Sends CD a wasps’ nest.
Author: | John Brodie Innes |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 20 Sept 1881 |
Classmark: | DAR 167: 40 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13343 |
From Hermann Crüger 23 April 1863
Summary
Observations on Catasetum.
Figs require insects in order to set seed.
Author: | Hermann Crüger |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 23 Apr 1863 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 276, DAR 205.8: 68 (Letters) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4124 |
To Bingham Sibthorpe Malden 15–16 June [1861]
Summary
Thanks BSM for orchid specimens. Discusses various species of Orchis and Ophrys.
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Bingham Sibthorpe Malden |
Date: | 15–16 June [1861] |
Classmark: | American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.254) |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-3183 |
From Hermann Müller 25 January 1877
Summary
Thanks CD for calling attention to a "considerable error" in his observations on Hottonia fertility [in Die Befruchtung der Blumen (1873)]. [See Forms of flowers, p. 52.]
Author: | Heinrich Ludwig Hermann (Hermann) Müller |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 25 Jan 1877 |
Classmark: | DAR 110: A26–7 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10815 |
From Hermann Crüger 21 January 1864
Summary
Sends his MS of orchid paper ["A few notes on the fecundation of orchids and their morphology", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 8 (1865): 127–35] for CD to send to an editor.
CD was right about Catasetum sexes.
Ficus experiments fail.
Author: | Hermann Crüger |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 21 Jan 1864 |
Classmark: | DAR 161: 278 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-4394 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … fly to the cultivated fig to lay eggs, carrying pollen with them. See n. 14, above. See Crüger 1864 , p. 127. In his letter of 23 February 1863 ( Correspondence vol. 11), Crüger expressed the opinion that Catasetum tridentatum and Myanthus barbatus were distinct species. CD had argued in Orchids , …
From T. H. Farrer 4 June 1868
Author: | Thomas Henry Farrer, 1st baronet and 1st Baron Farrer |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 4 June 1868 |
Classmark: | DAR 164: 42 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6229 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … Orchids , pp. 139–47). Farrer refers to Henrietta Emma Darwin . Farrer had married into the Wedgwood family; his wife Frances was the daughter of Maitland Erskine, the half sister of Emma Darwin’s cousin Frances Emma Elizabeth Wedgwood . Henrietta visited Frances Emma Elizabeth and Hensleigh Wedgwood at Cumberland Place in London from 29 May to 4 June ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242); Post Office London directory 1868). On Ophrys muscifera (the fly …
From D F. Nevill 2 September [1874]
Summary
Hooker has told her of CD’s work on insectivorous plants. Offers plants, but her Dionaea plants are too small now.
Author: | Dorothy Fanny Walpole; Dorothy Fanny Nevill |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 2 Sept [1874] |
Classmark: | DAR 172: 24 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-9620 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … orchids, Nevill had sent specimens from her large collection of tropical plants (see Correspondence vol. 9, letter to D. F. Nevill, 19 November [1861] , and Correspondence vol. 10, letter to D. F. Nevill, 22 January [1862] ). Joseph Dalton Hooker had suggested Nevill as the most likely source of Dionaea , the Venus fly …
From Roland Trimen 2 September 1877
Summary
Thanks for Forms of flowers.
Author: | Roland Trimen |
Addressee: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Date: | 2 Sept 1877 |
Classmark: | DAR 178: 192 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11124 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … orchids were capable of, I have always had my misgivings as to “pulling” flowers for mere bouquets or decoration. It is terrible to think of the infinite maiming and maltreatment plants everywhere undergo, even from those “sweet-hearted” ones “whose light-blue eyes Are tender over drowning flies. ” …
To J. D. Hooker 7 August [1860]
Summary
Owen wants to be civil, and sneer behind CD’s back.
Those, like Rudolph Wagner, who want to go halfway on theory, are "booked to go further".
Anatomy of orchids.
Huxley says K. E. von Baer goes "a great way with me".
Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
Addressee: | Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Date: | 7 Aug [1860] |
Classmark: | DAR 115: 72 |
Letter no: | DCP-LETT-2892 |
Matches: 1 hit
- … flies by their proboscis . I must try & get this plant to observe it, with respect to intercrossing. — Please answer this sometime On reflexion I fear the Catasetum do not grow in pots & would not bear even for short time temperature of sitting room & would be too precious to lend me. — Could I buy any Green-house orchids …
letter | (66) |
Carus, J. V. | (1) |
Clarke, R. T. | (1) |
Crüger, Hermann | (2) |
Darwin, C. R. | (26) |
Darwin, Francis | (1) |
Darwin, W. E. | (3) |
Delpino, Federico | (1) |
Farrer, T. H. | (4) |
Fitzgerald, R. D. | (1) |
Gray, Asa | (1) |
Harker, Allen | (1) |
Hooker, J. D. | (2) |
Innes, J. B. | (1) |
Kitchener, F. E. | (1) |
Mivart, S. G. J. | (1) |
Moggridge, J. T. | (6) |
Müller, Hermann | (2) |
Nevill, D. F. | (1) |
Oxenden, G. C. | (1) |
Spruce, Richard | (1) |
Tait, W. C. | (1) |
Trimen, Roland | (2) |
Walker, Francis | (3) |
Wallace, A. R. | (1) |
Walpole, D. F. | (1) |
Westwood, J. O. | (1) |
Darwin, C. R. | (40) |
Moggridge, J. T. | (4) |
Gardeners’ Chronicle | (2) |
Gray, Asa | (2) |
More, A. G. | (2) |
Darwin, C. R. | (66) |
Moggridge, J. T. | (10) |
Farrer, T. H. | (5) |
Darwin, W. E. | (4) |
Gray, Asa | (3) |