To Nature 6 May [1876]
Summary
Reports seeing flowers of wild cherry bitten off in same manner as primroses [see 9418 and 9444]. In this case it was done by a squirrel, though birds also bite the flowers of the cherry-tree.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 6 May [1876] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 11 May 1876, p. 28 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10498 |
To Nature [before 2 November 1876]
Summary
Summarises, with comments, two letters from Johann von Fischer [10598, 10600] on the display by monkeys of their brightly-coloured hindquarters, and the relation of this behaviour to sexual selection.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 2 Nov 1876] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 2 November 1876, pp. 18–19 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-10660 |
To Nature 15 August [1877]
Summary
CD forwards letter from F. J. Cohn [11093] that provides confirmation of observations by Francis Darwin on the contractile filaments protruded from the glands of Dipsacus.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 15 Aug [1877] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 23 August 1877, p. 339 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11108 |
To Nature 21 November [1877]
Summary
Sends letter from Fritz Müller [11191] containing observations on plants and insects of South Brazil, with prefatory comments.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 21 Nov [1877] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 29 November 1877, p. 78 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11245 |
To Nature [21? May 1878]
Summary
CD’s letter on wide distribution of freshwater plants and animals introduces a letter to him from Arthur H. Gray [see 11497].
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [21? May 1878] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 30 May 1878, pp. 120–1 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11520 |
To Nature [before 20 March 1879]
Summary
Comments on a letter from Fritz Müller [11839] and particularly on the subject of the disappearance of certain structures in organisms. FM’s explanation deserves serious consideration.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 20 Mar 1879] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 20 March 1879, pp. 462–3 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-11945 |
To Nature 16 December 1879
Summary
Reports information sent by E. Schulte [12254] on the colours of the male Diadema bolina.
Discusses extent to which consciousness came into play in the origin of certain instincts, including sexual display.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 16 Dec 1879 |
| Classmark: | Nature, 8 January 1880, p. 237 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-12359 |
To Nature 15 December [1879]
Summary
CD has repeated a test of whether hybrids of the common and Chinese goose are fertile inter se. Reports his success, and comments on its significance for the theory of descent.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 15 Dec [1879] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 1 January 1880, p. 207 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-12391 |
To Nature 9 April [1880]
Summary
Forwards a letter from E. S. Morse on Omori shell mounds refuting F. V. Dickins’ review [Nature 21 (1880): 350] of Morse’s memoir ["The shell mounds of Omori", Mem. Sci. Dep. Univ. Tokyo 1 (1879) pt 1].
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 9 Apr [1880] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 15 April 1880, p. 561 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-12571 |
To Nature 5 November [1880]
Summary
Sir Wyville Thomson misunderstands natural selection when he says the theory "refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by natural selection". CD demurs at the "extreme variation" and the "only". No one has said evolution depends only on natural selection. CD has adduced many facts on the effects of use and disuse and on the direct action of the environment.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 5 Nov [1880] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 11 November 1880, p. 32 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-12800 |
To Nature [before 30 December 1880]
Summary
Quotes an extract from a letter from Mr Sanderson of Chislehurst on the disappearance of black or spotted sheep from Australian flocks when the coloured sheep ceased to be of use to man.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 30 Dec 1880] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 30 December 1880, p. 193 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-12955 |
To Nature 22 February [1881]
Summary
Summarises the "remarkable facts about the movements of plants" in Fritz Müller’s letter of January [12996]. CD comments that Müller’s observations support the conclusion that he and Francis Darwin arrived at – that leaves go to sleep to escape the full effects of radiation.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 22 Feb [1881] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 3 March 1881, p. 409 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13061 |
To Nature 14 April [1881]
Summary
Summarises a letter from Fritz Müller [missing] giving details of leaf movement in Mucuna, Desmodium, and Bauhinia. CD is especially interested in the paraheliotropic movements, which appear to be as common as sleep movements.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 14 Apr [1881] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 28 April 1881, pp. 603–4 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13117 |
To Nature 13 July [1881]
Summary
Communicates two cases of inheritance reported by J. P. Bishop [in 13137]. The work of E. Brown-Séquard has demonstrated that effects of injuries can be inherited ["Hereditary transmission of an epileptiform affection accidentally produced", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 10 (1860): 297–8]. E. Dupuy has sent CD a still more remarkable case.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 13 July [1881] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 21 July 1881, p. 257 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13245 |
To Nature [before 15 September 1881]
Summary
Quotes from a Fritz Müller letter of 9 Aug supporting CD’s views that leaves position themselves at night so as to minimise heat loss by radiation. It is a new fact to CD that leaves take different positions at different seasons.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 15 Sept 1881] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 15 September 1881, p. 459 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13338 |
To Nature 7 November [1881]
Summary
Summarises letter of William Nation [13350]. The facts given strongly support the conclusion that there is some close connection between the parasitic habits of birds that lay their eggs in others’ nests and the fact of their laying eggs at "considerable intervals of time".
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 7 Nov [1881] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 17 November 1881, p. 51 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13471 |
To Nature [before 6 April 1882]
Summary
Reports observations of W. D. Crick [see 13705, 13715, and 13721] and Frank Norgate [see 13079]. They leave no doubt that living bivalves are often carried from pond to pond.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 6 Apr 1882] |
| Classmark: | Nature 25 (1882): 529–30; Collected Papers 2: 276 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-13760 |
From A. W. Bennett to Nature 8 November 1869
Summary
Discusses cross-fertilisation in Vinca.
| Author: | Alfred William Bennett |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 8 Nov 1869 |
| Classmark: | Nature 1 (1869): 58 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6978F |
To Nature 13 November [1869]
Summary
Comments on A. W. Bennett’s letter [Nature 1 (1869): 58] on fertilisation of winter-flowering plants. CD used net, not a bell-glass to cover Lamium.
Refers to F. Delpino’s observations on fertilisation of grasses; CD is glad to say these observations are compatible with "the very general law that distinct individual plants must be occasionally crossed".
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | 13 Nov [1869] |
| Classmark: | Nature 1 (1869): 85 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-6987 |
To Nature [before 27 April 1871]
Summary
Replies to Francis Galton’s paper on tranfusing blood between rabbits to test Pangenesis [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 19 (1871): 393–40]. FG’s conclusion that his experiments prove Pangenesis to be false is "a little hasty", since CD had never maintained that gemmules in the blood formed any part of his hypothesis.
| Author: | Charles Robert Darwin |
| Addressee: | Nature |
| Date: | [before 27 Apr 1871] |
| Classmark: | Nature, 27 April 1871, pp. 502–3 |
| Letter no: | DCP-LETT-7720 |
| letter | (40) |
| Bennett, A. W. | (1) |
| Darwin, C. R. | (33) |
| Darwin, G. H. | (1) |
| Gladstone, J. H. | (1) |
| Key, H. C. | (1) |
| Seabroke, G. M. | (1) |
| Stebbing, T. R. R. | (1) |
| Thiselton-Dyer, W. T. | (1) |
| Nature | (40) |
| Nature | |
| Darwin, C. R. | (33) |
| Bennett, A. W. | (1) |
| Darwin, G. H. | (1) |
| Gladstone, J. H. | (1) |
| Key, H. C. | (1) |
| Seabroke, G. M. | (1) |
| Stebbing, T. R. R. | (1) |
| Thiselton-Dyer, W. T. | (1) |
Evolutionary views of human nature
Summary
From April 2010 until 31 March 2013, the Darwin Correspondendence Project ran an major international research project 'Exploring Evolutionary Views of Human Nature through Darwin’s Correspondence'. Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research…
Matches: 7 hits
- … research project 'Exploring Evolutionary Views of Human Nature through Darwin’s Correspondence& …
- … contemporaries in developing an evolutionary theory of human nature in the period 1870 to 1873. …
- … reading public. An additional feature of the Human Nature project was the creation of web …
- … and emotion. Other aspects of Darwin's research on human nature received special attention: his …
- … hosted a major international conference on Darwin and Human Nature, inviting scholars in history, …
- … events were organised, presenting aspects of the Human Nature project to diverse audiences, and …
- … Kindness" (Cambridge Science Festival, 2012), and the Human Nature Film Series (Arts …
Darwin and Human Nature
Summary
There is substantial correspondence to illuminates Darwin’s published work on human evolution in Descent of Man and Expression of the Emotions. The letter sets and discussion questions presented here focus on nineteenth-century debates about the unity of…
Matches: 1 hits
- … There is substantial correspondence to illuminates Darwin’s published work on human evolution in …
The Darwin and Human Nature film series
Summary
We chose four films to cover a broad chronology from the early 19th to the early 20th century; and a range of themes, including teaching Darwinism, slavery and race, degeneration in Victorian society, the boundaries between normal and abnormal in the…
Matches: 1 hits
- … surprising connections to Charles Darwin’s work on human nature, and that contained though-provoking …
Moral Nature
Summary
In Descent of Man, Darwin argued that human morality had evolved from the social instincts of animals, especially the bonds of sympathy and love. Darwin gathered observations over many decades on animal behavior: the heroic sacrifices of social insects,…
Human Nature
Summary
The early 1870s were a turning point in the global debate about human evolution, with deep implications for science, colonial expansion, industrial progress, religious belief, and ethical and philosophical debate. Darwin’s correspondence from this period…
Matches: 6 hits
- … and its relationship to prevailing assumptions about human nature. The extension of …
- … about the application of evolutionary theory to human nature that centred on Darwin’s work still …
- … prevailing assumptions about human intellectual and moral nature. Exploration of the origins …
- … Much of the scholarly attention to Darwin’s views of human nature has focussed on ‘social Darwinism’ …
- … Man was published, many of them on the subject of human nature. A selection of the most important …
- … full online publication of the volume, as part of the Human Nature initiative. All the letters from …
Suggested reading
Summary
Contemporary writing Anon., The English matron: A practical manual for young wives, (London, 1846). Anon., The English gentlewoman: A practical manual for young ladies on their entrance to society, (Third edition, London, 1846). Becker, L. E.…
Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?
Summary
Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…
Matches: 9 hits
- … also contributed to discussions in the scientific weekly Nature on the role of inherited and …
- … off, & most of them sold!” Reviews remarked on the popular nature of the book. Full of …
- … Darwin received a letter from John Traherne Moggridge on the nature of animal instinct. Moggridge, …
- … Darwin soon became involved in a related discussion in Nature magazine, forwarding a letter from …
- … fearful of butchers and butcher’s shops ( letter to Nature , [before 13 February 1873] ). …
- … triggered by smell. Darwin joined the debate, writing to Nature ( letter to Nature , [before …
- … after he had smashed some with his finger ( letter to Nature , [before 3 April 1873] ). …
- … by seeing the corpses of a fellow species” ( letter to Nature , [before 24 July 1873] ). …
- … character traits in families, and the comparative role of nature and nurture by gathering statistics …
Interview with Randal Keynes
Summary
Randal Keynes is a great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin, and the author of Annie’s Box (Fourth Estate, 2001), which discusses Darwin’s home life, his relationship with his wife and children, and the ways in which these influenced his feelings about…
Matches: 12 hits
- … and the ways in which these influenced his feelings about nature and religion. …
- … we have the metaphysical notebooks, which are about human nature; we don't have notebooks on …
- … might have ideas that would be of value on species and human nature. He always felt there were many …
- … [For more on this correspondence, see our Design in Nature section.] I think the first …
- … so maybe if you could talk a bit more about that? Also, the nature of this painful void? …
- … of belief? I think you also suggested it was about the nature of belief itself and whether belief is …
- … uncaring creator; his view that the manifold suffering in nature is purposeless? Randal …
- … experience. 14. Darwin's opinion of human nature Dr White: …
- … because of this, he makes this a general feature of human nature, sympathy. There are sources for …
- … Randal Keynes: I think he thought very well of human nature. I think he thought we were basically …
- … That, I think, is the foundation of his belief in human nature and co-operation, and I think that he …
- … and I think, yes, at heart, he had faith in human nature. Dr White: That's a good …
3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos
Summary
< Back to Introduction Darwin’s plans for the illustration of his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) led him to the Swedish-born painter and photographer, Oscar Gustaf Rejlander. Rejlander gave Darwin the notes that he had…
2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust
Summary
< Back to Introduction In 1873, the German biologist Anton Dohrn commissioned a plaster bust of Darwin for the ‘fresco room’ of his new research centre, the Stazione Zoologica in Naples. It was a fitting memorial of a long association between the two…
Matches: 4 hits
- … articles and reports on the progress of the project in Nature, and his speech at the official …
- … Anton Dohrn, ‘The foundation of zoological stations’, Nature 5 (8 Feb. 1872), pp. 277–280, and …
- … . . . promoting the Foundation of Zoological Stations’, Nature 6 (29 August 1872), pp. 362–363. …
- … ‘Inauguration of the Zoological Station of Naples’, Nature 12 (6 May 1875), pp. 11–13. Dohrn, …
Essay: Evolutionary teleology
Summary
—by Asa Gray EVOLUTIONARY TELEOLOGY When Cuvier spoke of the ‘combination of organs in such order that they may be in consistence with the part which the animal has to play in Nature,’ his opponent, Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, rejoined, ‘I know nothing of…
Matches: 27 hits
- … in consistence with the part which the animal has to play in Nature, ’ his opponent, Geoffroy St. …
- … to the minds of those who cherish theistic views of Nature. Adaptations irresistibly suggesting …
- … proof of a personal designer, a divine originator of Nature. By a confusion of thought, now obvious, …
- … Is it compatible with our seemingly inbore conception of Nature as an ordered system? Furthermore, …
- … the idea or hypothesis of a designing mind, as the author of Nature–however we came by it–having …
- … or a supreme intelligence ordering and shaping the system of Nature? A very able and …
- … in the present state of our knowledge, the adaptations in Nature afford a large balance of …
- … equally legitimate when we recognize these marks in Nature? To gaze on such a universe as this, to …
- … Chance is inadmissible. ’ There is, then, in Nature, an order; and, in ‘ P.C.W.’s ’ …
- … they not be considered equally conclusive in the works of Nature? ’ His answer appears to us more …
- … simply whether the argument for design from adaptations in Nature is relevant, not whether it is …
- … is null and void in the case of creation itself . . . Nature is full of adaptations; but these are …
- … an intelligent being might have chosen. To assert that in Nature no such rival adaptations existed, …
- … adaptation and utility being the only marks of design in Nature which we possess, and adaptation …
- … It is hard, indeed, if man must be out of harmony with Nature in order to judge anything respecting …
- … provision we are constantly compelled to guide ourselves by Nature’s regulations, we accustom …
- … work, even to a Creator’s, and to judge of the origin of Nature as we judge of the origin of …
- … of man being such that he always does infer design in Nature, what stronger presumption could there …
- … resolves itself into one respecting the ultimate veracity of Nature, or of the author of Nature, if …
- … does not explain are many and serious. Some are in their nature inexplicable, at least are beyond …
- … in the present state of our knowledge, the adaptations in Nature afford a large balance of …
- … isolated creation of species. The latter hypothesis, in its nature un-provable, has, on scientific …
- … this view, moreover, waste of life and material in organic Nature ceases to be utterly inexplicable, …
- … all fermentation and as the omnipresent scavenger-police of Nature), no good ground appears for …
- … worthier, as well as more consistent, views of design in Nature than heretofore. At least, it would …
- … we understand it, coincides well with the theistic view of Nature. It not only acknowledges purpose …
- … may be yet more difficult and less satisfactory. If all Nature is of a piece–as modern physical …
Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers
Summary
In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Balfour translated Krause’s account and published it in Nature , and George Romanes wrote such …
- … of leaves that were so original that Darwin sent them to Nature for publication. Darwin, who was …
- … to me that anyone could watch the movements & doubt its nature. But these doubts have led me to …
- … He was scrupulous in sending any important observations to Nature or incorporating them into his …
- … there proves that I took a very erroneous view of the nature & capabilities of the Fuegians’ ( …
- … scientific material Darwin received, he subscribed to Nature , which he thought ‘an excellent …
- … problem: he had been asked to review Wiesner’s book for Nature . ‘It might be an opportunity of …
- … response to Wiesner’s book appeared in the issue of Nature published the day after Darwin’s …
Emotion Experiment
Summary
Between March and November 1868, while Darwin was researching his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, he showed a succession of visitors a set of photographs of human faces, some with the muscles artificially contracted by electric…
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- … Between March and November 1868, while Darwin was researching his book The Expression of the …
Commentary
Summary
This section provides pages of commentary on the following themes: Evolution Geology Life sciences Human nature Religion
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- … Geology Life sciences Human nature Religion …
Richard Henry Corfield
Summary
Richard Henry Corfield was in his final year at Shrewsbury School when Darwin started there. It’s hard to say how well they knew each other, but fifteen years later Corfield appeared again in Darwin’s life as a surprisingly familiar face on the other side…
Matches: 1 hits
- … mountains, Corfield was going to ' admire the beauties of nature, in the form of Signoritas & …
Animals, ethics, and the progress of science
Summary
Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…
Matches: 3 hits
- … experiment as an illustration of its tender and sympathetic nature: ‘everyone has heard of the dog …
- … Darwin was taken aback, and swiftly replied in a letter to Nature , insisting that he had never …
- … for his ‘ingenuity and perseverance’ ( letter to Nature , [before 27 April 1871] ). When Galton …
Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year
Summary
The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…
Matches: 7 hits
- … ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 14 April 1874 ). The technical nature of Huxley’s argument prompted …
- … a source of inspiration. In April, he wrote a letter to Nature, observing that the flowers of …
- … primroses were abundant in each district ( letter to Nature , 18 April [1874] ). He …
- … M. Story-Maskelyne, 4 May 1874 ). In a second letter to Nature , Darwin summarised the …
- … blindfolded from the moment of being hatched ( letter to Nature , 7 and 11 May [1874] ; …
- … with the contraction of Dionaea leaves in Nature (Burdon Sanderson 1874). Hooker also …
- … ). He featured in the scientific worthies series in Nature ( letter to J. N. Lockyer, 13 May …
4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy
Summary
< Back to Introduction In September 1874, the American doctor Joseph Simms, then on a three-year lecture tour of Britain, sent Darwin a copy of his book, Nature’s Revelations of Character; Or, Physiognomy Illustrated. He was seeking a public…
Matches: 3 hits
Review: The Origin of Species
Summary
- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…
Matches: 27 hits
- … of the book before us—may be likened to the conflict in Nature among races in the struggle for life, …
- … supposed to be mere oscillations from a normal state, and in Nature to be limited if not transitory; …
- … whenever two reputed species are found to blend in Nature through a series of intermediate forms, …
- … to one species. Moreover, since bisexuality is the rule in Nature (which is practically carried out, …
- … in sweeping away the ground of their objective existence in Nature. The orthodox conception of …
- … the rule, and also indicates some real foundation for it in Nature. But if species were created in …
- … animals, . . . the connection of all the known features of Nature into one system— ’ …
- … view and the study of the harmonies between mind and Nature? More than this, is it not most …
- … also when he extends the argument for the intervention in Nature of a creative mind to its …
- … contrary cannot be demonstrated until the possibilities of Nature under the Deity are fathomed. …
- … the mental and material foundations combined, a theory of Nature as theistic and as scientific as …
- … the burden has been more than they could bear. From the very nature of the case, substantive proof …
- … way. He would explain the whole progressive evolution of Nature by virtue of an inherent tendency to …
- … proof of independent origination is attainable from the nature of the case, the overthrow of …
- … by naturalists, because these races are not in a state of nature; whereas they deserve particular …
- … what changes are within the reach of varying conditions in Nature. We separate and protect a …
- … would not be originated and could not be perpetuated in free Nature, yet we attain wider and juster …
- … diverse classes and countries, were taken from a state of nature, and could be made to breed for an …
- … individuals of distinct species in a wild state: and even in Nature the individuals of some species …
- … many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in Nature. One circumstance has struck me …
- … caution, when they deride the idea of species in a state of nature being lineal descendants of other …
- … appears to be much stronger under domestication than in free Nature. But we are not sure that the …
- … while they are apparently so rare or so transient in free Nature, may easily be shown. In Nature, …
- … and perceiving that bisexuality is ever aimed at in Nature—being attained physiologically in …
- … the art of producing varieties. But ‘the art itself is Nature,’ since the whole art consists in …
- … We see everywhere around us the remarkable results which Nature may be said to have brought about …
- … to an equal degree of deviation? Is there anything in Nature which in the long-run may answer to …
Hensleigh Wedgwood
Summary
Hensleigh Wedgwood, Emma Darwin’s brother and Charles’s cousin, was a philologist, barrister and original member of the Philological Society, which had been created in 1842. In 1857, while Wedgwood was preparing a dictionary of English etymology, he wrote…
Matches: 1 hits
- … How can an English bishop and a French évêque help Darwin explain his theories about species …
