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Referencing women’s work
Summary
Darwin's correspondence shows that women made significant contributions to Darwin's work, but whether and how they were acknowledged in print involved complex considerations of social standing, professional standing, and personal preference.…
Matches: 19 hits
- … Animal intelligence referred to the contributions of 'a young lady, who objects to her name …
- … earthworms . Selected letters Letter 1113 - Darwin to Whitby, M. …
- … work are referenced throughout Variation . Letter 2395 - Darwin to Holland, …
- … her identity is both anonymised and masculinised. Letter 3316 - Darwin to Nevill, D …
- … Darwin’s Fertilisation of Orchids . Letter 4038 - Darwin to Lyell, C., …
- … have felt uncomfortable about being acknowledged publicly as a science critic. Letter …
- … are identified only as “friends in Surrey”. Letter 4794 - Darwin to Lyell, C., [25 …
- … Sir C. Lyell” or received from “Miss. B”. Letter 7060 - Wedgwood, F. J. to …
- … was referenced in the final publication. Letter 7223 - Darwin to Wedgwood, L. C …
- … are not cited in Expression . Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. H., …
- … by numerous women of their infants are not referenced in a section of Expression on ‘the …
- … was novelist Elizabeth Gaskell for her description of a crying baby in Mary Barton. …
- … about how best to reference her husband’s contribution to a chapter on music in Expression …
- … he would “feel the public humming” at him. Letter 7345 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, …
- … Mould and Earthworms but she was identified only as “a lady, on whose accuracy I can implicitly …
- … of Henrietta’s considerable editorial input. Letter 8719 - Darwin to Treat, M., [1 …
- … an old field near his house. Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R. to Darwin, H., [20 …
- … fields of North Wales. Letter 8193 - Ruck, A. R. to Darwin, H., [1 February …
- … . Letter 8224 - Darwin to Ruck, A. R., [24 February 1872] Darwin asks …
Women’s scientific participation
Summary
Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…
Matches: 19 hits
- … Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively …
- … Observers Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August …
- … silkworm breeds, or peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to …
- … observations of cats’ instinctive behaviour. Letter 4258 - Becker, L. E. to Darwin, …
- … to artificially fertilise plants in her garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to …
- … be made on seeds of Pulmonaria officinalis . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to …
- … Expression from her home in South Africa. Letter 6736 - Gray, A. & J. L …
- … to Darwin’s queries about Expression during a trip to Egypt. Letter 7223 …
- … expression of emotion in her pet dog and birds. Letter 5817 - Darwin to Huxley, T. …
- … is making similar observations for him. Letter 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. …
- … of wormholes. Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. to Darwin, E., [8 November1872] …
- … dogs with Emma Darwin. Letter 8676 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [13 December 1872] …
- … of her pet cats. Letter 8989 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [28 July 1873] Mary …
- … Letter 9426 - Story-Maskelyne , T. M. to Darwin, [23 April 1874] Thereza …
- … Women: Letter 1701 - Morris, M. H. to Prior, R. C. A., [17 June 1855] …
- … in Pennsylvania. Letter 3681 - Wedgwood, M. S. to Darwin, [before 4 August 1862] …
- … in Lychnis diurna. Letter 8168 - Ruck, A. R . to Darwin, H., [20 January …
- … exposed places”. Letter 10439 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [3 April 1876] Mary …
- … species of waterlily. Letter 12389 - Johnson, M. to Darwin, [January 1880] …
Darwin in letters, 1872: Job done?
Summary
'My career’, Darwin wrote towards the end of 1872, 'is so nearly closed. . . What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’, and the tenor of his correspondence throughout the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye…
Matches: 24 hits
- … What little more I can do, shall be chiefly new work’ ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 November [1872] …
- … the year is one of wistful reminiscence, coupled with a keen eye to the crafting of his legacy. …
- … animals in November, the year marked the culmination of a programme of publication that can be …
- … in relation to sex , published in 1871, these books brought a strong if deceptive sense of a job …
- … himself without writing anything more on 'so difficult a subject, as evolution’ ( letter to A. …
- … earthworms in shaping the environment. The former led to a series of books and papers, and the …
- … years before. In his private life also, Darwin was in a nostalgic frame of mind, picking up …
- … June the previous year. He intended the edition to be a popular one that would bring his most …
- … should be affordable: ‘do you not think 6s is too dear for a cheap Edit? Would not 5s be better? . . …
- … best efforts, set the final price at 7 s. 6 d. ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 February 1872 ) …
- … translations of both Descent and Origin was a particular frustration: `I naturally desire …
- … translation remained unpublished at the end of the year ( letter from C.-F. Reinwald, 23 November …
- … to the comparative anatomist St George Jackson Mivart ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January …
- … comparison of Whale & duck most beautiful’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 3 March 1872 ) …
- … a person as I am made to appear’, complained Darwin ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 5 January 1872 ). …
- … Darwin would renounce `fundamental intellectual errors’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 6 January …
- … was silly enough to think he felt friendly towards me’ ( letter to St G. J. Mivart, 8 January [1872 …
- … hoping for reconciliation, if only `in another world’ ( letter from St G. J. Mivart, 10 January …
- … have been ungracious in him not to thank Mivart for his letter. He promised to send a copy of the …
- … than offended by `that clever book’ ( letter to J. M. Herbert, 21 November 1872 ) and invited …
- … Lord Sackville Cecil, to attend a séance ( letter from M. C. Stanley, 4 June 1872 ). There was …
- … others described the way their hands blushed (letter from M. I. Snow, 29 [November 1872 or later] …
- … Darwin, the Darwins’ third son, had become engaged to Amy Ruck, the sister of an old schoolfriend; …
- … life which surprised & gratified me more’ ( letter to J. M. Herbert, 21 November 1872 ). Fox …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 25 hits
- … ‘my wife … poor creature, has won only 2490 games’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876 ). …
- … and cosseting regarding the ailments that were so much a feature of Darwin family life. But the calm …
- … by anxiety and deep grief. In May, William Darwin suffered a serious concussion from a riding …
- … Cross and self fertilisation , that the family suffered a devastating loss. The Darwins must have …
- … expected in September. Their joy at the safe delivery of a healthy boy was soon replaced by anguish …
- … death. For once, the labour of checking proofs proved a blessing, as Darwin sought solace for the …
- … his anxiety about Francis. By the end of the year there was a different order at Down House with …
- … Year's resolutions Darwin began the year by making a resolution. He would in future …
- … quantity of work’ left in him for ‘new matter’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). The …
- … Origin for the very last time, and made minor changes to a reprint of the second edition of …
- … voyage, Volcanic islands and South America , in a new single-volume edition titled …
- … was nevertheless ‘firmly resolved not even to look at a single proof ’. Perhaps Carus’s meticulous …
- … & I for blundering’, he cheerfully observed to Carus. ( Letter to J. V. Carus, 24 April 1876. …
- … provided evidence for the ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). Revising …
- … Autobiography’ (‘Journal’ (Appendix II)). During a two-week holiday after finishing Cross and self …
- … nowadays is evolution and it is the correct one’ ( letter from Nemo, [1876?] ). …
- … him ‘basely’ and who had succeeded in giving him pain ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876 ). …
- … disgrace’ of blackballing so distinguished a zoologist ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 January 1876 ) …
- … must have been cast by the ‘poorest curs in London’ ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [4 February …
- … her questions were ‘too silly to deserve an answer’ ( letter from S. B. Herrick, 12 February 1876 …
- … on Dionaea ‘to test the insect eating theory’ ( letter from Peter Henderson, 15 November 1876 …
- … sending Darwin small amendments to his results ( letter from Moritz Schiff, 8 May 1876 ). …
- … to get positive results in this year’s experiments’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [ c . 19 March …
- … and ardent naturalist Thomas Edward ( letter from F. M. Balfour, 11 December 1876 ; letter to …
- … and agriculturists in France ( letter from E. M. Heckel, 27 December 1876 ). In England, the …
Francis Darwin
Summary
Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished scientist. He was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge, initially studying mathematics, but then transferring to natural sciences. Francis completed…
Matches: 8 hits
- … Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished scientist. He was an undergraduate at …
- … of surviving correspondence with his father while he was a student is largely about money. He had …
- … Darwin was very stern in his advice: ‘I have never known a man who was too idle to attend to his …
- … so bothersome an old fellow as I daresay I appear to you’ (letter to Francis Darwin, 18 October …
- … assistant. Darwin had been concerned about his son giving up a career in medicine but Francis's …
- … in his father's botanical work, spending some time in a laboratory run by Julius von Sachs in …
- … notably on movement in plants, and they had written a book on this topic together ( The Power of …
- … letters. His Royal Society obituary notice suggests a gifted, straightforward and deeply kind man. …
Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year
Summary
The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…
Matches: 17 hits
- … mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A vicious dispute over an anonymous …
- … von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt to Humboldt, whom he had …
- … one of the greatest men the world has ever produced. He gave a wonderful impetus to science by …
- … pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ). Such …
- … And … one looks backwards much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). …
- … was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’ ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] …
- … inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October …
- … world. While Darwin was in London, his son George organised a séance at Erasmus’s house. The event …
- … in such rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] …
- … William Henry Myers, and Thomas Henry Huxley, who sent a long report to Darwin with the spirit …
- … his, ‘& that he was thus free to perform his antics’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 29 January [1874 …
- … Coral reefs His son Horace had suggested a new edition of the coral book in December 1873, …
- … Hooker, and finally borrowed one from Charles Lyell ( letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January …
- … the help of his daughter Henrietta, whom he thought ‘a good dear girl to take so sweetly all the …
- … ed. 1881). Darwin’s third son Francis married Amy Ruck, the sister of a friend of Leonard …
- … Darwin replied, ‘I have so poor a metaphysical head that M r Spencer’s terms of equilibration …
- … for a Serbian translation of Origin ( letter from M. M. Radovanović, 17 September 1874 ), …
Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?
Summary
Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…
Matches: 24 hits
- … in this botanical research, eventually renouncing plans for a medical career to become his father’s …
- … and he was clearly delighted by Francis’s decision. A large portion of the letters Darwin …
- … occasional criticisms, some of which were incorporated in a later edition. Darwin also contributed …
- … in science were manifest in his leading roles in creating a private memorial fund for Thomas Henry …
- … I omitted to observe, which I ought to have observed” ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 January [1873] …
- … and even electrical stimulation. On sending Darwin a specimen of the carnivorous Drosophyllum …
- … work your wicked will on it—root leaf & branch!” ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 12 January 1873 ) …
- … tentacles to bend inward, so that the plant closed like a fist. Darwin was fascinated by this …
- … seemed analogous to muscular contraction in animals: “a nerve is touched … a sensation is felt” ( …
- … research on insectivorous plants involved collaboration with a wide range of experts, including the …
- … assistance of William Turner Thiselton-Dyer, was engaged in a taxonomic study of the pitcher plant, …
- … parts of the flower would become modified & correlated” ( letter to T. H. Farrer, 14 August …
- … it again, “for Heaven knows when it will be ready” ( letter to John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). …
- … we take notes and take tracings of their burrows” ( letter from Francis Darwin, 14 August [1873] ) …
- … in importance; and if so more places will be created” ( letter to E. A. Darwin, 20 September 1873 …
- … our unfortunate family being fit for continuous work” ( letter from E. A. Darwin, 25 September …
- … on any point; for I knew my own ignorance before hand” ( letter to George Cupples, 28 April [1873] …
- … “he would fly at the Empr’s throat like a bulldog” ( letter from L. M. Forster to H. E. Litchfield, …
- … force & truth of the great principle of inheritance!” ( letter to F. S. B. F. de Chaumont, 3 …
- … the heavy breathing that accompanied sexual intercourse? (letter from ?, [1873?]). The Scottish …
- … with up lines; & sadness & decay with the reverse—” ( letter from William Main, 2 April …
- … with the advance of civilisation and good breeding ( letter from Henry Reeks, 3 March 1873 ). …
- … “When I have an attack”, George complained, “I’m to starve sweat & purge it away” ( letter from …
- … in exact accordance with natural selection” ( letter from M. D. Conway, 10 September [1873] ). …
Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores
Summary
In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…
Matches: 22 hits
- … Darwin’s son, Francis, carried on his father’s legacy in a variety of ways, including through his …
- … confided to his friend J.D. Hooker, ‘ I have hardly a doubt that here we have a plant catching & …
- … was beginning to feel horrid doubts. ’ ‘ Oh Lord what a set of sons I have, all doing wonders. ’ …
- … village, which reminded him so much of his life with Amy, a devastated Francis left for Wales with …
- … Darwin gently yet consistently encouraged further work on a Dipsacus paper and frequently …
- … of finding solace through one’s work. Francis entered a reclusive and hardworking state of mourning, …
- … Society could submit research papers, and Francis was not a fellow. Personally, Darwin had high …
- … I know not. I have not been so much mortified for many a year; but he does not care much, all such …
- … full paper, complete with several of Francis’ drawings and a plate of sixteen figures, was published …
- … decaying remains are absorbed by the plant’ and ‘form a pair of treacherous slides leading down to a …
- … ‘ I can declare that I have hardly ever received [a letter] in my life which has given me more …
- … in my son’s statements, & this has mortified me not a little. ’ At Darwin’s request, Cohn …
- … 23 August 1877, p. 339). Although, as Darwin pointed out in a letter to G.J. Romanes, Cohn was …
- … p. 312). Cohn’s comments on Dipsacus , however, go a step further. He became convinced that the …
- … of both Agaricus and Dipsacus contracted as a result of living protoplasmic matter, rather …
- … sure that it is worth it.’ As late as 1881, less than a year before his death, Darwin himself was …
- … curiosity was satiated completely. In 1888 he would publish a revised 2nd edition of Insectivorous …
- … streaming protoplasm, which moulds the passive masses into a variety of forms.’ (C. Darwin 1888, p. …
- … of Dipsacus were the natural continuation of a scientific legacy firmly grounded in his father’s …
- … Francis’ examination of Dipsacus provided a ‘missing link’ of sorts, in that he believed this …
- … fuel debate over whether or not Dipsacus truly boasts a carnivorous appetite. A 2011 study (Shaw …
- … , s2-18(69), 74–82. Krupa, J. J., & Thomas, J. M. 2019. Is the common teasel ( Dipsacus …
