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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Wilhelm Breitenbach1   22 February 1882

Verehrtester Herr Darwin!

Als ich vor einiger Zeit meine bis jetzt in unserer Provinz gesammelten Insecten musterte, war es mir sofort klar, dass ich zuerst den Orthopteren meine besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenken müsse.2 Gestatten Sie mir, dass ich Ihnen heute wenigstens zwei der mir am interessantesten scheinenden Beobachtungen mittheile. Einen ausführlicheren Bericht über diese und andere Punkte werde ich in kurzer Zeit für “Katter’s Entomologische Nachrichten” ausarbeiten.3 Jene langgestreckten, grünen, flügellosen Mantiden sind Ihnen bekannt. Ich habe eine Art (oder ist es nur zufällig ein Exemplar?) gefunden, bei der ganz deutliche Flügelrudimente vorhanden sind. In den mir augenblicklich zugänglichen Werken finde ich Nichts darüber, ich vermuthe daher dass diese Beobachtung neu ist.4

Zahlreich sind hier die einem durren Holzstengel ähnlichen Stabheuschrecken. Die Bestimmung der Gattungen ist mir nach der vorhandenen Literatur noch nicht gelungen.5 Wenn man als Hauptmerkmale dieser Thiere den kegelförmig verlängerten Kopf mit den weit vorgerückten Augen, und die dürre, langgestreckte Gestalt betrachtet, so glaube ich auf dem Wege zu sein, die phyletische Entwicklung dieser sonderbaren Formen ermitteln zu können. Ich habe neulich eine ganze Anzahl Acridier gefunden, bei denen man eine allmälige Verlängerung des Kopfes über die Augen hinaus, ein allmaliges Vorrücken der Augen (vom Hinterende des Kopfes nach vorn) und ein allmäliges Dünnerwerden der ganzen Gestalt, verbunden mit Längsstreckung, deutlich erkennen kann.6 Sollte es mir gelingen, noch mehr solcher Zwischenglieder zu finden, so dürfte es nicht schwer sein, eine vollständige Stufenleiter aufzustellen von typischen Acridiern, einerseits bis zu den typischen Stabheuschrecken. Ich glaube, dass der Gegenstand volle Aufmerksamkeit verdient.

Sonst habe ich noc⁠⟨⁠h v⁠⟩⁠iele interessante Orthopteren gefunden, zahlreiche geflügelte Mantis-Arten, eine sehr hübsche Pterochroza, mehrere Phylloptera und Verwandte ⁠⟨⁠un⁠⟩⁠d eine sehr grosse Anzahl anderer Locustinen und Acridier.7 Eine Heuschrecke habe ich, von der die Leute auf den Colonien behaupten, dass sie wie die Wanderheuschrecke Europa’s grosse Züge mache.8 Bestätigen kann ich diese Angabe vorläufig allerdings nicht.

Indem ich hoffe, dass es Ihnen recht gut geht, begrüsse ich Sie als | Ihr | hochachtungsvoll ergebener | Dr. W. Breitenbach

Porto Alegre. 22.II.82. | Rio Grande do Sul. | Brazil.

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I.
Orthoptera is the order of grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. At this time, it included several families which have since been reclassified into their own orders, among which are mantids (Mantidae; order Mantodea) and stick insects (Phasmatidae; order Phasmida or Phasmatodea).
Breitenbach’s paper ‘Entomologische Skizzen aus der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasilien’ (Entomological sketches from the province of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil; Breitenbach 1882) appeared in the June 1882 issue of Entomologische Nachrichten. The journal was edited by Friedrich Ketter.
Mantises have two pairs of wings; in most species, only males have fully developed wings while females have rudimentary ones or are wingless. Earlier descriptions of mantis species had noted differences in wing-size in males and females (see, for example, Burmeister 1832–55, 2: 540). In his article, Breitenbach speculated on whether these rudimentary wings were hereditary or a mere atavism (Breitenbach 1882, pp. 159–60).
On the classification of stick insects, see n. 2, above.
Breitenbach refers to members of the Acrididae (the family of short-horned grasshoppers).
Pterochroza and Phylloptera are genera of katydids (family Tettigoniidae, order Orthoptera). Locustidae is the former family of locusts (now subsumed within Acrididae).
The main swarming species of locust in the Rio Grande do Sul region is the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), which ranges from Argentina into the southern parts of Brazil. (Rio Grande do Sul is in the south of Brazil.)

Bibliography

Breitenbach, Wilhelm. 1882b. Entomologische Skizzen aus der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien. Entomologische Nachrichten 8: 156–62.

Burmeister, Hermann. 1832–55. Handbuch der Entomologie. 5 vols. in 6. Berlin: G. Reimer.

Translation

From Wilhelm Breitenbach1   22 February 1882

Most esteemed Mr Darwin!

Some time ago, when examining the insects that I have collected so far in our province, it was immediately clear to me that first I had to pay special attention to the Orthoptera.2 Allow me to communicate to you today at least two observations that strike me as the most interesting. I will soon prepare a detailed report on this and other issues for “Katter’s Entomologische Nachrichten”.3 You are familiar with these elongated, green, wingless mantids. I found a species (or is it perchance just a specimen?) in which rudimentary wings are quite clearly present. In the works currently at my disposal I find nothing about this, and hence I suspect that this observation is new.4

Stick insects that resemble a dry wooden stalk are numerous here. I have not yet succeeded in identifying the genus with the aid of the literature at my disposal.5 If one considers the conically elongated head with eyes that are moved far forward and the thin, elongated body as the defining feature, then I believe I am on the way to establishing the phyletic evolution of these peculiar forms. I recently came across a considerable number of acridians among which the gradual elongation of the head beyond the eyes, a gradual forward-moving of the eyes (from the back of the head to the front) and a gradual slimming of the entire body combined with elongation can be clearly distinguished.6 Should I succeed in finding yet more such intermediate forms it will not be difficult to draw up a complete scale from the typical Acridae, on the one hand, to the typical stick insects. I believe that this subject deserves particular attention.

Other than that I came across many other interesting Orthoptera, numerous winged species of Mantis, a very pretty Pterochroza, several Phylloptera and related species and a very large number of other Locustidae and Acridae.7 I have got a grasshopper that people claim undertakes extensive migrations like the migratory locust of Europe.8 However, for the time being I cannot confirm this claim.

In the hope that you are thriving I remain | Yours | respectfully devoted | Dr. W. Breitenbach

Porto Alegre. 22.II.82. | Rio Grande do Sul. | Brazil.

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original German, see Transcript.
Orthoptera is the order of grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. At this time, it included several families which have since been reclassified into their own orders, among which are mantids (Mantidae; order Mantodea) and stick insects (Phasmatidae; order Phasmida or Phasmatodea).
Breitenbach’s paper ‘Entomologische Skizzen aus der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasilien’ (Entomological sketches from the province of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil; Breitenbach 1882) appeared in the June 1882 issue of Entomologische Nachrichten. The journal was edited by Friedrich Ketter.
Mantises have two pairs of wings; in most species, only males have fully developed wings while females have rudimentary ones or are wingless. Earlier descriptions of mantis species had noted differences in wing-size in males and females (see, for example, Burmeister 1832–55, 2: 540). In his article, Breitenbach speculated on whether these rudimentary wings were hereditary or a mere atavism (Breitenbach 1882, pp. 159–60).
On the classification of stick insects, see n. 2, above.
Breitenbach refers to members of the Acrididae (the family of short-horned grasshoppers).
Pterochroza and Phylloptera are genera of katydids (family Tettigoniidae, order Orthoptera). Locustidae is the former family of locusts (now subsumed within Acrididae).
The main swarming species of locust in the Rio Grande do Sul region is the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), which ranges from Argentina into the southern parts of Brazil. (Rio Grande do Sul is in the south of Brazil.)

Bibliography

Breitenbach, Wilhelm. 1882b. Entomologische Skizzen aus der Provinz Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien. Entomologische Nachrichten 8: 156–62.

Burmeister, Hermann. 1832–55. Handbuch der Entomologie. 5 vols. in 6. Berlin: G. Reimer.

Summary

Describes his collections and research on Brazilian insects, especially Orthoptera. Comments on insect phylogeny.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-13700
From
Wilhelm Breitenbach
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
Source of text
DAR 160: 296
Physical description
ALS 3pp (German)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 13700,” accessed on 18 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-13700.xml

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