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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Fritz Müller1   7 February 1881

Blumenau, Sa. Catharina, Brazil,

7. Februar 1881.

… In Ihren “Forms of flowers” sprechen Sie von Lagerstroemia als zweifelhaft verschiedengrifflig.2 In meinem Garten habe ich einen Baum, dessen Blüten immer sechs lange Staubfäden haben mit grünlichem Pollen und ungefähr 30 kurze mit gelbem Pollen; der Griffel ist so lang wie die längeren Staubfäden und die Narbe berührt oft eine der Antheren. In früheren Jahren habe ich wiederholt Blumen mit grünem und andere mit gelbem Pollen von derselben Pflanze befruchtet, aber nicht eine hat Frucht angesetzt. Kürzlich sah ich in einigen Gärten eine zweite Varietät oder Art mit abweichend gefärbten Blumen, welche in der Veränderlichkeit der längeren Staubfäden vollkommen mit Ihrer Beschreibung der L. indica übereinstimmt.3 Der Griffel ist ungefähr so lang wie die längeren Staubfäden. Blumen der Pflanze in meinem Garten, welche mit grünem Pollen dieser zweiten Varietät befruchtet wurden, bringen jetzt gute Früchte hervor; vier Blumen, die mit gelbem Pollen befruchtet waren, fielen am dritten Tage nicht ab, wie sie es ohne Befruchtung gethan haben würden, sie liessen nur die Blumenblätter fallen wie diejenigen, die mit grünem Pollen befruchtet waren; einige Tage später sind sie aber abgefallen. In meinem Garten werden die Blumen von Lagerstroemia von verschiedenen Arten von Trigona und Melipona besucht,4 welche den Pollen sammeln und nach dem Benehmen mancher dieser Insecten vermuthe ich, dass die verschiedene Länge der Staubfäden und die verschiedene Farbe des Pollens der Pflanze nützlich sein wird, weil die pollensammelnden Insecten vorzugsweise durch den hellgelben Pollen angezogen werden, der wegen der Kürze der Staubfäden nicht leicht auf die Narbe einer anderen Blüte übertragen werden kann, während der Pollen der längeren Staubfäden, der sich in einer für die Uebertragung auf die Narbe anderer Blüten günstigen Stellung befindet, durch seine grünliche Farbe der Aufmerksamkeit der Insecten leicht entgehen kann. So dient ein Theil der Antheren dazu, die Insecten anzulocken, während der andere Theil die Kreuzbefruchtung sichert.

Eine unserer Pontederiaceen (Heteranthera reniformis) zeigt einen entsprechenden Fall.5 Sie hat zwei kurze Staubfäden, deren Antheren am Eingang der Blumenröhre stehen und hellgelben Pollen enthalten; der dritte Staubfaden ist lang und hat blassbläulichen Pollen; der Griffel ist mit seltener Ausnahme so lang wie dieser längere Staubfaden. Wenn die Blüte sich öffnet, so ist der Griffel nach rechts und der Staubfaden nach links gebogen, und beide bilden einen Winkel von ungefähr 60°; wenn die Blume zu welken beginnt, so biegen sich der Griffel und der Staubfaden gegeneinander, die Anthere berührt die Narbe, und es tritt Selbstbefruchtung ein. Bei mehreren Commelynaceen6 ist der Pollen der verschiedenen Antheren ebenfalls verschieden gefärbt, und man kann als allgemeine Regel feststellen, dass er weniger sichtbar bei denjenigen Antheren ist, von denen er am leichtesten auf die Narbe anderer Blüten übertragen werden kann.

Vor einigen Tagen erhielt ich von Dr. Mayer eine sehr interessante Abhandlung über die Metamorphose von Palaemonetes varians, der zur selben Zeit auch von J. E. V. Boas in Dänemark untersucht worden ist.7 Nun ist es äusserst merkwürdig, dass die Larven in Dänemark das Ei in einem viel weiter vorgerückten Zustande verlassen, als diejenigen in Süditalien. Bei den ersteren fehlen ausser anderen Unterschieden die Branchien am Thorax und den Abdominal-Füssen vollständig, während sie bei den letzteren vorhanden sind. Ich kann sagen, dass ich erwartete, es würden derartige Verschiedenheiten bestehen; auch Paul Mayer nahm dies an, ohne die Untersuchungen von Boas zu kennen.8

Mit der grössten Hochachtung u. s. w. | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I. All Fritz Müller’s letters to CD were written in English (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 72 n.); most of them have not been found. Many of the letters were later sent by Francis Darwin to Alfred Möller, who translated them into German for his Fritz Müller: Werke, Briefe und Leben (Möller ed. 1915–21). Möller also found final drafts of some Müller letters among the Fritz Müller papers and included these in their original English form (ibid., 2: 72 n). Where the original English versions are missing, the published version, usually appearing in German translation, has been used.
See Forms of flowers, pp. 167–8. Lagerstroemia is the genus of crape myrtle.
All species of Lagerstroemia, including L. indica, are native to south-east Asia; trees of L. indica have one colour of flower, but this ranges from white to pink to red on different trees.
Trigona and Melipona are genera of stingless bees that range from Mexico to South America.
Heteranthera reniformis is kidneyleaf mudplantain; Pontederiaceae is the family of pickerel weed. Müller had previously mentioned Heteranthera as a monomorphic genus (Correspondence vol. 17, letter from Fritz Müller, 18 December 1869).
Commelynaceae is a synonym of Commelinaceae, the family of spiderwort.
Paul Mayer’s essay ‘Die Metamorphose von Palaemonetes varians Leach’ (The metamorphosis of Palaemonetes varians Leach; Mayer 1880) was published in Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapal. Johan Erik Vesti Boas had discussed the metamorphosis of Palaemonetes varians in ‘Studier over Decapodernes Slægtskabsforhold’ (Research on the affinities of decapod Crustacea; Boas 1880, pp. 50–4, 171–2). Palaemonetes varians is a synonym of Palaemon varians.
See Mayer 1880, pp. 203–4; Mayer noted that the temperature of the water was a major factor in determining when young shrimp hatched.

Bibliography

Boas, Johan Erik Vesti. 1880. Studier over Decapodernes Slægtskabsforhold. Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk afdeling 6th ser. 1 (1880–5): 23–210.

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Mayer, Paul. 1880. Die Metamorphosen von Palaemonetes varians Leach. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 2 (1880–1): 197–221.

Möller, Alfred, ed. 1915–21. Fritz Müller. Werke, Briefe und Leben. 3 vols in 5. Jena: Gustav Fischer.

Translation

From Fritz Müller1   7 February 1881

Blumenau, Sa. Catharina, Brazil,

7 February 1881.

… In your “Forms of flowers” you speak of Lagerstroemia as doubtfully heterostyled.2 In my garden I have a tree whose blooms invariably have six long stamens with greenish pollen and approximately 30 short ones with yellow pollen; the style is as long as the longer stamens and the stigma often touches one of the anthers. In recent years, I repeatedly fertilised some flowers with green and others with yellow pollen from the same plant, but not one of them set fruit. Recently I saw in a number of gardens a second variety or species, with different coloured flowers, which with respect to the variability of the longer stamens agrees completely with your description of L. indica.3 The style is about as long as the longer stamens. Flowers of the plant in my garden, which were fertilised with green pollen of this second variety, are now producing good fruit; four flowers that were fertilised with yellow pollen did not drop off on the third day, as would have happened without fertilisation, they only dropped their petals like those that had been fertilised with green pollen; a few days later, however, they fell off. In my garden the flowers of Lagerstroemia are visited by several kinds of Trigona and Melipona,4 which gather the pollen, and from the behaviour of some of these insects, I suspect that the different lengths of the stamens and the different colour of the pollen of the plant are becoming necessary, because pollen-gathering insects are chiefly attracted by the bright yellow pollen, which due to the shortness of the stamens cannot easily be transfered to the stigma of another blossom, while the pollen of the longer stamens, which is in a favourable position for transfer to the stigma of other flowers due to its greenish colour, can easily escape the attention of the insects. Thus one type of anthers serves to attract insects, while the other part ensures cross-fertilisation.

One of our Pontederiaceae (Heteranthera reniformis) illustrates a corresponding case.5 It has two short stamens, whose anthers are situated at the entrance of the corolla tube and have bright yellow pollen; the third stamen is long and carries pale blue pollen; the style is with few rare exceptions as long as this longer filament. When the blossom opens, the style is bent to the right and the stamens to the left, and both form an angle of about 60°; when the flower begins to wilt, style and stamens bend towards one another, the anther touches the stigma, and self-fertilisation occurs. In several Commelynaceae6 the pollen of different anthers is likewise differently coloured, and it can be determined as a general rule, that it is less visible in those anthers from which pollen can be transferred most easily to the stigma of other blossoms.

A few days ago I received from Dr. Mayer a very interesting treatise on the metamorphosis of Palaemonetes varians, which was studied by J. E. V. Boas in Denmark at the same time.7 Now, it is quite remarkable that in Denmark, the larvae leave the egg at a much more advanced stage than those in Southern Italy. In the former, among other differences, the thoracic gills and the abdominal legs are missing completely, while being present in the latter. I daresay that I expected such differences; Paul Mayer also assumed this, without knowing of Boas’s studies.8

With the greatest respect etc. | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in the German of its published source, see Transcript. All Fritz Müller’s letters to CD were written in English (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 72 n.); most of them have not been found. Many of the letters were later sent by Francis Darwin to Alfred Möller, who translated them into German for his Fritz Müller: Werke, Briefe und Leben (Möller ed. 1915–21). Möller also found final drafts of some Müller letters among the Fritz Müller papers and included these in their original English form (ibid., 2: 72 n). Where the original English versions are missing, the published version, usually appearing in German translation, has been used.
See Forms of flowers, pp. 167–8. Lagerstroemia is the genus of crape myrtle.
All species of Lagerstroemia, including L. indica, are native to south-east Asia; trees of L. indica have one colour of flower, but this ranges from white to pink to red on different trees.
Trigona and Melipona are genera of stingless bees that range from Mexico to South America.
Heteranthera reniformis is kidneyleaf mudplantain; Pontederiaceae is the family of pickerel weed. Müller had previously mentioned Heteranthera as a monomorphic genus (Correspondence vol. 17, letter from Fritz Müller, 18 December 1869).
Commelynaceae is a synonym of Commelinaceae, the family of spiderwort.
Paul Mayer’s essay ‘Die Metamorphose von Palaemonetes varians Leach’ (The metamorphosis of Palaemonetes varians Leach; Mayer 1880) was published in Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapal. Johan Erik Vesti Boas had discussed the metamorphosis of Palaemonetes varians in ‘Studier over Decapodernes Slægtskabsforhold’ (Research on the affinities of decapod Crustacea; Boas 1880, pp. 50–4, 171–2). Palaemonetes varians is a synonym of Palaemon varians.
See Mayer 1880, pp. 203–4; Mayer noted that the temperature of the water was a major factor in determining when young shrimp hatched.

Bibliography

Boas, Johan Erik Vesti. 1880. Studier over Decapodernes Slægtskabsforhold. Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk afdeling 6th ser. 1 (1880–5): 23–210.

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Mayer, Paul. 1880. Die Metamorphosen von Palaemonetes varians Leach. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 2 (1880–1): 197–221.

Möller, Alfred, ed. 1915–21. Fritz Müller. Werke, Briefe und Leben. 3 vols in 5. Jena: Gustav Fischer.

Summary

Describes variability in the stamens and pollen of Lagerstroemia, which CD spoke of in Forms of flowers.

Also reports on similar phenomena in Pontederiacea (Heteranthera reniformis).

Has received from Paul Mayer an interesting paper on metamorphosis in Palaemonetes varians, which is also being studied by J. E. V. Boas in Denmark. Shows differences between larval development in Danish forms and those found in southern Italy.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-13041A
From
Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil
Source of text
Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 406–7
Physical description
inc (German trans)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 13041A,” accessed on 19 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-13041A.xml

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