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Darwin Correspondence Project

From A. S. Packard   30 October 1879

Brown University | Providence, Rhode Island.

Oct. 30th 1879.

Charles Darwin. Esq. F.R.S.

My dear Sir.

Several observers have this autumn noticed that a Plusia moth has been caught by its maxillæ in the flowers of Physianthus albens.1 I noticed that the tip of the tongue was caught as if in a vise by the two lips of an apparatus covering each set of the pollinia; and thus caught, the moth died. Several Plusias would be found dead hanging by their tongues or proboscides—on one raceme of flowers.

Now a strange additional fact has been observed by the Rev. Leander Thompson of North Woburn, Mass. who states to me that he has seen the honey bee—several of them—dart down upon the moths as they were struggling to escape, sting them over and over again, until dead, “and then rip open the bodies of the moths and devour the soft parts within”—

I am not so much surprised at the bees stinging the moths, but their carnivorous propensities are quite new to me and I find no reference to them in your book or that of Hermann Müller.2 I dislike to take your time, but I should be greatly obliged if you could inform me whether a parallel case has been observed. I suppose the bees must have used their mandibles in tearing open the bodies of the moths—

I am Sir, with great respect | Yours most truly, | A. S. Packard, Jr.

Footnotes

The moth was Plusia precationis (a synonym of Autographa precationis, the common looper moth); see Packard 1880. Maxillae: a general term to refer to the mouthparts of arthropods; in some moths, modified semi-cylindrical maxillae (galea) fit together to form a nectar-sucking proboscis. Physianthus albens is a synonym of Araujia sericifera, the common moth-vine or cruel plant.
Müller had written on role of insects in the fertilisation of plants in 1873 (H. Müller 1873). Packard also wrote to Hermann Müller about the observations (Packard 1880).

Bibliography

Müller, Hermann. 1873. Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten und die gegenseitigen Anpassungen beider. Ein Beitrag zur Erkenntniss des ursächlichen Zusammenhanges in der organischen Natur. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Summary

This autumn several observers have noted Plusia moths caught in the flowers of Physianthus albens. Also bees attack and devour the trapped moths.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-12277
From
Alpheus Spring Packard, Jr
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Brown University
Source of text
DAR 174: 3
Physical description
ALS 2pp

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 12277,” accessed on 5 June 2025, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12277.xml

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