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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Federico Delpino1   23 April 1878

Genova

23 Aprile 1878.

Onorando uomo!

Mi pregio d’offerirle in omaggio la “Rivista botanica dell’anno 1877” ove non ho mancato (pag. 84–106) di fare una dettagliata esposizione della di Lei mirabile opera “The different forms of flowers” ecc.2 Io non Le posso esprimere a parole la mia ammirazione per questo classico lavoro, che io non esito a considerare come il più importante scritto che sia fin qui comparso sulla fisologia florale.

A pag. 183 ho fatto altresì cenno di una singolare onorificenza stata conferita alla S.V., esprimendo ben meritati encomii per la Università di Cambridge, non meno che ben meritato rimprovero per un atto inconsulto dell’Accademia francese.3

È per tal modo che, secondo le mie tenui forze, procuro di sdebitarmi in parte delle grandi obbligazioni che ho verso di Lei, come mio venerato maestro, e cortese donatore de’suoi scritti immortali.

Ora a Lei, celebrato autore d’una monografia dei cirripedi,4 mi faccio ardito di presentare una mia congettura sulla vita di cosifatti crustacei. Vegga la S.V. se tale congettura abbia qualche fondamento. Nel caso che non ne abbia nessuno, non tenga il menomo conto di quanto segue. Nel caso contrario La prego di favorirmi il suo rispettabile parere.

Nella mia andata a Rio de Janeiro ebbi occasione di osservare alcuni Balanus.5 Restai vivamente colpito della struttura di queste forme eterodosse. Il loro esteriore è o sembra quello di un mollusco multivalve (con mantello generatore di valve calcari); il resto è evidentemente della natura di un animale crostaceo. Ora qui non potrebbe parlarsi di transito nel senso della dottrina transformista. I molluschi e i crostacei sono certamente due lignaggi divergenti, e quindi non potrebbe esistere nessuna forma intermediaria.6

Piuttosto si presente allo spirito la possibilità di un curioso fenomeno d’innesto. Suppongasi che la larva di un cirripede, dapprima affatto sciolta e libera, ricerchi e aggredisca un individuo giovanissimo di una data specie di mollusco multivalve, innestando una parte del suo corpo col corpo del mollusco aggredito.7 Suppongasi altresi che cosifatto innesto abbia per effetto di sopprimere ogni vitalità del corpo aggredito, mantenendosi soltanto la vitalità del mantello calcarogeno; in tal caso parmi si avrebbe una naturale spiegazione dell’eterogenea struttura dei cirripedi, e forse non soltanto dei cirripedi ma eziandio degli ostracodi e di altre tribù di crostacei.8

Mi pare che questa congettura possa essere appoggiata dall’esempio del Pagurus.9 Il Pagurus assale le chioccioline di mare; le uccide e vi s’installa; ma, di mano in mano che cresce, è obbligato a mutare dimora e a ricercare un domicilio più grande. Non sarebbe un gran vantaggio pel Pagurus, se invece di uccidere totalmente il mollusco, di cui usurpa la casa, serbasse intatta la vitalità del mantello che vale a perennemente ingrandire la casa stessa? Forse la singolare abitudine del Pagurus potrebbe essere considerata come un primo passo verso la doppia natura del corpo dei cirripedi.10

A me questa congettura pare che abbia una grande verisimiglianza. Ma siccome non posso a meno di confessare la mia grande ignoranza in fatto di carcinologia,11 così La prego a manifestarmi in proposito il suo parere, o piuttosto a non fare nessuna riposta alla presente, nel caso che la S.V. giudichi tale congettura essere destituita da ogni fondamento.

Gradisca in ogni modo l’attestato della mia devozione e riconoscenza.

Suo ossequentissimo discepolo | Federico Delpino | Prof. di botanica all’Università di | Genova.

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Appendix I.
‘Rivista botanica’ for 1877, a review of the year’s botanical publications by Delpino, was part of Annuario Scientifico ed Industriale 14 (1877); the discussion of CD’s Forms of flowers appears on pp. 536–58. The copy sent by Delpino has not been found but he evidently sent CD a separately paginated offprint. Delpino had previously sent the ‘Rivista botanica’ for 1876 as a separately paginated offprint (DAR 132.5).
CD had received an honorary degree from the University of Cambridge on 17 November 1877 (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). He had been unsuccessfully nominated six times for election to the anatomy and zoology section of the Académie des sciences between 1870 and 1878 (Corsi and Weindling 1985, p. 699). Delpino’s comments are in ‘Rivista botanica’ in Annuario Scientifico ed Industriale 14 (1877): 635–6.
CD’s study of cirripedes resulted in the publication of Living Cirripedia (1851 and 1854) and Fossil Cirripedia (1851 and 1854).
Delpino had stayed in Rio de Janiero for about a month in 1873 when personal circumstances forced him to give up his post as naturalist on a round-the-world voyage aboard the Garibaldi (Correspondence vol. 21, letter from Federico Delpino, 20 April 1873). Balanus is a genus of barnacle.
Molluscs are a major phylum (Mollusca); crustaceans belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Cirripedes (barnacles) are crustaceans.
In Origin, p. 148, CD mentioned the phenomenon of parasitism in cirripedes. He considered grafting to be confined to the vegetable world.
Ostracods are a class (Ostracoda) of the Crustacea. Delpino was trying to account for the multi-valve shell structure of the adult cirripede compared to other crustaceans; for CD’s description of adult cirripede shells, see Living Cirripedia (1851), figs. 1–3.
Pagurus is a genus of hermit crabs, which lack a hard carapace, and adopt empty shells from other species.
In all their larval stages cirripedes resemble other crustaceans, but as adults they take on their atypical form (see n. 8, above).
The study of crustaceans.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Fossil Cirripedia (1851): A monograph on the fossil Lepadidæ, or, pedunculated cirripedes of Great Britain. By Charles Darwin. London: Palaeontographical Society. 1851.

Fossil Cirripedia (1854): A monograph of the fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain. By Charles Darwin. London: Palaeontographical Society. 1854.

Living Cirripedia (1851): A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidæ; or, pedunculated cirripedes. By Charles Darwin. London: Ray Society. 1851.

Living Cirripedia (1854): A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidæ (or sessile cirripedes); the Verrucidæ, etc. By Charles Darwin. London: Ray Society. 1854.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Translation

From Federico Delpino1   23 April 1878

Genoa

23 April 1878.

Venerable man!

I beg permission to offer you a complimentary copy of the “Rivista botanica dell’anno 1877”, where I have not failed (pp. 84–106) to give a detailed account of your admirable work “The different forms of flowers” etc.2 Words fail me to express my admiration for this classical work, which without hesitation I regard as the most important text on plant physiology to have appeared until now.

Also, on p. 183 I mentioned the singular decoration that has been conferred on your honour, expressing well-deserved praise for the University of Cambridge, and I scolded the French Academy no less deservedly for an ill-advised act.3

In this manner, and within the limits of my feeble powers, I am trying to repay part of my great debt towards you, as my venerable teacher and the courteous donor of your immortal works.

Let me take the liberty of presenting to you, the distinguished author of a monograph on Cirripedes,4 a conjecture of mine on the life of such crustaceans. May your honour decide whether this conjecture has any basis. In case it is unfounded, ignore the following. If the opposite is the case, however, I beg you to favour me with your esteemed opinion.

While I was in Rio de Janeiro I had opportunity to observe some Balanus.5 I was very struck by the structure of these peculiar forms. On the outside they are or seem like a multivalval mollusc (with a shell generated from calcareous valves); the rest is essentially a crustacean animal. Now, here one can not speak of a transition in the sense of the transformist doctrine. Molluscs and crustaceans certainly are two diverging lineages, and accordingly there could be no intermediate form.6

Rather, what springs to mind is the possibility of a curious case of grafting. Let us suppose that the larva of a cirripede, at first quite loose and free, were to search for and attack a very young individual of a given species of multivalval mollusc, grafting a portion of its body onto the body of the attacked mollusc.7 Let us also suppose that such grafting had the effect of suppressing all the vitality of the attacked body, maintaining solely the vitality of the calcareogenic mantle; in this case one would have a natural explanation for the peculiar structure of the cirripedes, and perhaps not only of the cirripedes but also of the ostracods and other tribes among the crustaceans.8

It seems to me as though this conjecture could find support in the example of the Pagurus.9 The Pagurus assaults little sea-snails; it kills them and installs itself in them; however, as it slowly grows, it is forced to change its dwelling and to find a larger accomodation. Would it not be a great advantage to the Pagurus if, instead of totally killing off the mollusc whose house it usurps, it were to preserve the vitality of the mantle, which is enough to expand the same house for ever? Perhaps the singular custom of the Pagurus could be regarded as a first step towards the dual nature of the body of cirripedes.10

To me it looks as though this conjecture has a great deal of verisimilitude. But since I can do no less than confess my great ignorance in matters of carcinology,11 I thus beg you to let me know your opinion on this matter, or rather not to give me any answer at the present, if your honour judges this conjecture to be entirely unfounded.

Assuring you of my loyalty and gratitude in every respect.

Your most faithful disciple | Federico Delpino | Prof. of botany at the University of Genoa.

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original Italian, see Transcript.
‘Rivista botanica’ for 1877, a review of the year’s botanical publications by Delpino, was part of Annuario Scientifico ed Industriale 14 (1877); the discussion of CD’s Forms of flowers appears on pp. 536–58. The copy sent by Delpino has not been found but he evidently sent CD a separately paginated offprint. Delpino had previously sent the ‘Rivista botanica’ for 1876 as a separately paginated offprint (DAR 132.5).
CD had received an honorary degree from the University of Cambridge on 17 November 1877 (Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). He had been unsuccessfully nominated six times for election to the anatomy and zoology section of the Académie des sciences between 1870 and 1878 (Corsi and Weindling 1985, p. 699). Delpino’s comments are in ‘Rivista botanica’ in Annuario Scientifico ed Industriale 14 (1877): 635–6.
CD’s study of cirripedes resulted in the publication of Living Cirripedia (1851 and 1854) and Fossil Cirripedia (1851 and 1854).
Delpino had stayed in Rio de Janiero for about a month in 1873 when personal circumstances forced him to give up his post as naturalist on a round-the-world voyage aboard the Garibaldi (Correspondence vol. 21, letter from Federico Delpino, 20 April 1873). Balanus is a genus of barnacle.
Molluscs are a major phylum (Mollusca); crustaceans belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Cirripedes (barnacles) are crustaceans.
In Origin, p. 148, CD mentioned the phenomenon of parasitism in cirripedes. He considered grafting to be confined to the vegetable world.
Ostracods are a class (Ostracoda) of the Crustacea. Delpino was trying to account for the multi-valve shell structure of the adult cirripede compared to other crustaceans; for CD’s description of adult cirripede shells, see Living Cirripedia (1851), figs. 1–3.
Pagurus is a genus of hermit crabs, which lack a hard carapace, and adopt empty shells from other species.
In all their larval stages cirripedes resemble other crustaceans, but as adults they take on their atypical form (see n. 8, above).
The study of crustaceans.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Fossil Cirripedia (1851): A monograph on the fossil Lepadidæ, or, pedunculated cirripedes of Great Britain. By Charles Darwin. London: Palaeontographical Society. 1851.

Fossil Cirripedia (1854): A monograph of the fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain. By Charles Darwin. London: Palaeontographical Society. 1854.

Living Cirripedia (1851): A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidæ; or, pedunculated cirripedes. By Charles Darwin. London: Ray Society. 1851.

Living Cirripedia (1854): A monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidæ (or sessile cirripedes); the Verrucidæ, etc. By Charles Darwin. London: Ray Society. 1854.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Summary

Has reviewed Forms of flowers in Revista Botanica [(1877): 84–106].

CD’s treatment by the French Academy.

Hypothesises that the mollusc-like mantle of Balanus originates from a form of grafting.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-11482
From
Federico Delpino
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Genoa
Source of text
DAR 162: 156
Physical description
ALS 4pp (Italian)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 11482,” accessed on 19 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11482.xml

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