From John Hellins 16 December 1868
Chaplain’s House, | County Prison, | Exeter.
Decr 16. 1868
Dear Sir,
I now send you the result of my breeding this year;1 it has not borne out my opinion that females are more numerous than males, but that opinion is so firmly fixed in my mind by former experience that it will require further experiments—giving similar results to that of the present year, to make me relinquish it.
And really I think somehow I have been unlucky this year—for instance—my friend who gave me the 2 larvæ of D. Rubiginea,2 wh with me produced 2 ♂s—kept 8 for himself—& bred 8 ♀s!
If any other Lepidopterists have furnished you with their Lists, I shall be very much interested to know what they have made of this question.
As I said in a former letter—the fairest way would be—if one had the time & room—to rear large broods of such species as could be best managed, & not merely a few of several species: I know some people have a notion that the eggs first deposited would produce ♂s, & the latter part of the laying ♀s, but I am not sure of this; I have thought also that in the case of species wh lay from 2 to 4 eggs on one leaf, there would be a mixture of the sexes in each little batch, but I know now it is not so always.
yours very truly | J. Hellins
[Enclosure]3
♂ | ♀ | ||||
1 | Thais polyxena | ||||
1 | Pieris brassicæ | ||||
5 | Vanessa urticæ | 1 | |||
Chærocampa elpenor |
1 | ||||
2 | Zygæna nubigena | 2 | |||
3 | Calligenia miniata | 1 | |||
Lithosia complanula |
1 | ||||
2 | — | molybdeola | |||
9 | — | griseola | 9 | ||
1 | Arctia fuliginosa | ||||
Bombyx quercus | 1 | ||||
Ourapteryx sambucata | 1 | ||||
6 | Epione apiciaria | 2 | |||
Selenia illunaria | 1 | ||||
3 | Nyssia hispidaria | 2 | |||
4 | Boarmia perfumaria | 1 | |||
2 | Gnophos obscurata | 1 | |||
Geometra papilionaria | 1 | ||||
1 | Acidalia scutulata | 9 | |||
5 | — | biselata | 2 | ||
9 | — | interjectaria | 2 | ||
5 | — | holosericata | 3 | ||
4 | — | immutata | 7 | ||
2 | — | imitaria | |||
Cabera pusaria | 4 | ||||
3 | Strenia clathrata | 3 | |||
2 | Minoa euphorbiata | 3 | |||
4 | Aspilates citraria | 5 | |||
Fidonia pinetaria | 1 | ||||
1 | Lomaspilis marginata | 1 | |||
Hybernia leucophæaria | 1 | ||||
2 | — | progemmaria | |||
1 | — | defoliaria | 1 | ||
Cheimatobia boreata | 1 | ||||
1 | Eupithecia venosata | ||||
— | succenturiata | 2 | |||
1 | — | castigata | |||
1 | — | trisignata | 2 | ||
2 | — | albipunctata | 2 | ||
5 | — | virgaureata | 5 | ||
8 | — | expallidata | 8 | ||
1 | — | absynthiata | 4 | ||
1 | — | abbreviata | |||
1 | Hypsipetes elutata | ||||
Melanthia ocellata | 1 | ||||
6 | — | albicillata | 1 | ||
4 | Coremia quadrifasciaria | 1 | |||
1 | Camptogramma bilineata | 1 | |||
1 | Scotosia undulata | 2 | |||
4 | Cidaria russata | 1 | |||
5 | — | immanata | 7 | ||
120. | carried up | 105. | |||
♂ | ♀ | ||||
2 | Eubolia bipunctaria | 3 | |||
1 | — | lineolata | |||
3 | Notodonta ziczac | ||||
— | chaonia | 1 | |||
1 | Aporophyla australis | 3 | |||
4 | Charæas graminis | 2 | |||
2 | Cuperina cæspitis | ||||
2 | Mamestra brassicæ | 2 | |||
1 | — | persicariæ | 3 | ||
1 | Agrotis valligera | 1 | |||
4 | — | ripæ | 7 | ||
— | tritici | 1 | |||
1 | — | præcox | 1 | ||
Noctua triangulum | 1 | ||||
— | xanthographa | 1 | |||
1 | Tæniocampa miniosa | 2 | |||
2 | Dasycampa rubiginea | ||||
1 | Hadena chenopodii | ||||
1 | Calocampa exoleta | 2 | |||
3 | Heliothis peltigera | 1 | |||
1 | Ophiusa tirrhæa | ||||
2 | Pionea forficalis | 1 | |||
33 | 32 | ||||
120 | 105 | ||||
Totals. | 153 | males | 137 | females | |
16 | excess for males | ||||
Grand Total 2904 |
CD annotations
51 | spec |
22 | |
73 | sp. |
♀ | ♂ | |
153 | 137 | |
9 sp. | 159 | 126 |
312. | 263 |
♀ | ♂ | |||
263 | : | 312 | :: | 100 : x = 111.0 |
♀ | 263 | ) | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ( | 111.0 | |||||||||||
263 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
48 | 5 | 2 | [Bombyx] | 3 | 9 | 0 | ||||||||||||||
311 | : | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ( | 113.5 | 2 | 6 | 3 | |||||||||
3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1 | 1 | 9 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
9 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 5 | 7 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | [ink del ink] | ||||||||||||||||
3 | 2 | 6 | [ink del ink] | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
♀ | ♂ | 311 | |||
100 | : | 113.5 | |||
354 | |||||
Total | 6655 |
Footnotes
Bibliography
Descent: The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871.
Summary
Results of his breeding have not borne out his opinion that females are more numerous in Lepidoptera [see Descent 1: 313]. Still convinced he is right, suggests only way to settle question is by controlled breeding of large numbers of each species.
Letter details
- Letter no.
- DCP-LETT-6506
- From
- John Hellins
- To
- Charles Robert Darwin
- Sent from
- Exeter
- Source of text
- DAR 85: B76–7, B84
- Physical description
- ALS 4pp, table †
Please cite as
Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 6506,” accessed on 26 September 2022, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-6506.xml
Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 16