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Climbing plants

Summary

Darwin’s book Climbing plants was published in 1865, but its gestation began much earlier. The start of Darwin’s work on the topic lay in his need, owing to severe bouts of illness in himself and his family, for diversions away from his much harder book on…

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  • … of animals and plants under domestication in 1868. In 1862 he had read a ‘Note on the coiling of …

Species theory made public

Summary

Articles by both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace describing their independently derived theories of species change, are read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. Darwin was at home with his family following the death of his son, Charles Waring, on 28 June…

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  • … Articles by both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace describing their independently derived theories …

George Busk

Summary

After the Beagle voyage, Darwin’s collection of bryozoans disappears from the records until the material was sent, in 1852, for study by George Busk, one of the foremost workers on the group of his day. In 1863, on the way down to Malvern Wells, Darwin had…

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  • … symptoms continued.) Darwin asked for Busk's help in 1862 when he was  trying to get …

Earthworms

Summary

As with many of Darwin’s research topics, his interest in worms spanned nearly his entire working life. Some of his earliest correspondence about earthworms was written and received in the 1830s, shortly after his return from his Beagle voyage, and his…

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  • … by natural selection. His book Fertilisation of Orchids (1862) was Darwin's "flank …

Darwin's works in letters

Summary

For the 163rd anniversary of the publication of Origin, we've added a new page to our Works in letters section on Cross and self fertilisation. These complement our existing pages on the 'big book' before Origin, Origin itself, the…

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  • … British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects (1862) Climbing plants …

Expression

Summary

Darwin's interest in emotional expression can be traced as far back as the Beagle voyage. He was fascinated by the different sounds and gestures among the peoples of Tierra del Fuego, and on his return from the voyage he started recording observations…

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  • … some funny notions on the subject ', he wrote to Hooker in 1862. After Origin was …

Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies

Summary

The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…

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  • … to the fifth edition of his  System of logic  (Mill 1862, p. 18 n.). Later in the summer Fawcett …
  • … final manuscript, and  Orchids  was published in May of 1862. The time spent on his …

Bartholomew James Sulivan

Summary

On Christmas Day 1866, Bartholomew Sulivan sat down to write a typically long and chatty letter to his old friend, Charles Darwin, commiserating on shared ill-health, glorying in the achievements of their children, offering to collect plant specimens, and…

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  • … one of the few people whose visits Darwin encouraged.  In 1862 he organised a reunion at Down with …

Arthur Mellersh

Summary

Arthur Mellersh was a midshipman (promoted to mate during the voyage) serving on the Beagle at the time when Darwin was travelling around the world. One account suggests an inauspicious start to their friendship; apparently Mellersh introduced himself…

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  • … come to Down for dinner and to stay overnight on 21 October 1862 . The visit was not a success, …

Conrad Martens

Summary

Conrad Martens was born in London, the son of an Austrian diplomat. He studied landscape painting under the watercolourist Copley Fielding (1789–1855), who also briefly taught Ruskin. In 1833 he was on board the Hyacinth, headed for India, but en route in…

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  • … in 1855, and at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, the year in which he also sent …

From morphology to movement: observation and experiment

Summary

Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…

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  • … structure after the publication of  Orchids  in 1862, and added information from observers in …

Rewriting Origin - the later editions

Summary

For such an iconic work, the text of Origin was far from static. It was a living thing that Darwin continued to shape for the rest of his life, refining his ‘one long argument’ through a further five English editions.  Many of his changes were made in…

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  • … in April 1861 1 st French edition published May 1862 2d German translation, 1863 …
  • … edition, Bronn’s second German translation, published in 1862, contained revisions not made in the …

Darwin's bad days

Summary

Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and experimenting, even Darwin had some bad days. These times when nothing appeared to be going right are well illustrated by the following quotations from his letters:

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  • … Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and …

Experimenting with emotions

Summary

Darwin’s interest in emotions can be traced as far back as the Beagle voyage. He was fascinated by the sounds and gestures of the peoples of Tierra del Fuego. On his return, he started recording observations in a set of notebooks, later labelled '…

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  • … of the brow. Frontispiece: Duchenne 1862. Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine …

4.9 'Graphic', cartoon

Summary

< Back to Introduction A cartoon which appeared in the Graphic in 1871 was unusual, in that it pictured a serious scientific challenge to Darwin’s theories. Sir William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, a leading physicist based at the University of…

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  • … of the sun’s heat’, Macmillan’s Magazine , 5:29 (1862), pp. 388-93. Thomson, Popular Lectures …

John Lubbock

Summary

John Lubbock was eight years old when the Darwins moved into the neighbouring property of Down House, Down, Kent; the total of one hundred and seventy surviving letters he went on to exchange with Darwin is a large number considering that the two men lived…

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  • … proposed Darwin for the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1862 and 1863, and helped found the X …

Virginia Isitt: Darwin’s secretary?

Summary

In an undated and incomplete draft letter to a “Miss I.”, Emma Darwin appears to be arranging for Miss I. to come to Down for a trial period as a secretary. When the letter first came to light, no one had heard of the mysterious “Miss I.” and, as far as we…

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  • … the Darwin connection. Additionally, he told us that between 1862 and 1863 Miss Isitt had studied …

Darwin’s Photographic Portraits

Summary

Darwin was a photography enthusiast. This is evident not only in his use of photography for the study of Expression and Emotions in Man and Animal, but can be witnessed in his many photographic portraits and in the extensive portrait correspondence that…

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  • … often praised when sending them to friends near and far. In 1862 Darwin wrote to his old shipmate …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of  Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

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  • … by debates about a suitable translator, Bronn having died in 1862. Finally, Julius Victor Carus, a …
  • … on dimorphism and dichogamy. As he had done since 1862, Darwin relied on assistance from his …

Insectivorous plants

Summary

Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants began by accident. While on holiday in the summer of 1860, staying with his wife’s relatives in Hartfield, Sussex, he went for long walks on the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by…

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  • … year . While on holiday in Bournemouth in September 1862 for the sake of his son Leonard’s …
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