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To Francis Darwin   22–3 May 1881

Summary

Is sending chapter [of Earthworms] for FD to look over.

Comments on FD’s work on movements of mould.

Is glad to hear about Julius von Sachs and the circumnutation theory.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  22–3 May 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 75
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13170

Matches: 28 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   22–3 May 1881
  • … DAR 211: 75 Charles Robert Darwin Down 22–3 May 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … Die Gartenlaube 27: 228–30, 285–7. Wortmann, Julius. 1881. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der …
  • … Mucorineen. Botanische Zeitung , 10 June 1881, pp. …
  • … 368–74, 17 June 1881, pp. 383–7. …
  • … of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 18 (1881): 420–55. Darwin, Francis. 1880c. The theory of …
  • … Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 18 (1881): 406–19. Darwin, Francis. 1881b. …
  • … Orpington. S.E.R. ) Sunday 22 d . May— 1881 My dear Frank A parcel of M.S & proofs with …
  • … and Oskar Schmidt at the meeting. See letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] . See …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] ; Francis had described the long hours kept by …
  • … in the Lake District from 2 June to 5 July 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). See …
  • … of the Linnean Society ( Botany ), June 1881. CD also sent proof-sheets of Earthworms and …
  • … No letter from CD to Francis dated 21 May 1881 has been found, but CD had mentioned a …
  • … a klinostat in his letter to Francis of 20 May 1881 . The list has not been found; CD had …
  • … Organe. Botanische Zeitung , 29 July 1881, pp. 473–80. Earthworms : The formation of …
  • … with observations on their habits. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Elfving, …
  • … Fredrik. 1881. En obeaktad känslighet …
  • … hos Phycomyces. Botaniska Notiser (1881): 105–7. Movement in plants : The power of …
  • … of the Linnean Society ( Botany ), April 1881. Ernst Krause ’s summary of Movement in …
  • … Carus Sterne, appeared in Die Gartenlaube in April 1881 ( Sterne 1881a ; see letter …
  • … from Ernst Krause, 15 May 1881 and n. 4). The paper was a popular German illustrated …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] and nn. 3 and 4. Francis had mentioned …
  • … on the topic as soon as possible. Wortmann 1881 was published in Botanische Zeitung , …
  • … 10 June and 17 June 1881; F. Darwin …
  • … 1881b appeared in Botanische Zeitung , 29 July 1881. …
  • … Elfving 1881 was published in …
  • … Botaniska Notiser , September 1881. See …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] and n. 7. Wortmann reported that Julius Sachs …

To Francis Darwin   8 July 1881

Summary

Comments on the response to Movement in plants, which seems to have been successful.

Is going over revises of Earthworms.

Is investigating further his notion that leaves align themselves in the rain so as to shoot off drops of water.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  8 July 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 85
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13237

Matches: 21 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   8 July 1881
  • … DAR 211: 85 Charles Robert Darwin Down 8 July 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … was later King Edward VII . Graham 1881 . See …
  • … also letter to William Graham, 3 July 1881 . …
  • … Bibliography Carus, Julius Victor, trans. 1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. By …
  • … Railway Station | Orpington. S.E.R. July 8 th 1881 My dear Frank I have had 2 of the most …
  • … District after five weeks’ holiday on 5 July 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). Great …
  • … letter to Francis Darwin, [ c . 8 July 1881? ] . Wilhelm Pfeffer , Pflanzenphysiologie. …
  • … and energy exchange in plants; Pfeffer 1881 ). There are two papers by Cornu in the Darwin …
  • … the telegraph or semaphore plant) in April and May 1881 are in DAR 209.12: 126–31. …
  • … See letter from Fritz Müller, 31 May 1881 . See Correspondence vol. 25, letter to Fritz …
  • … returned from Straßburg (Strasbourg) on 1 August 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). …
  • … The Darwins were in London from 3 to 5 August 1881 (CD’s ‘Journal’ (Appendix II)). …
  • … See letter from James Paget, 1 June 1881 . Albert Edward, prince of Wales, …
  • … Books, Shoe String Press. Graham, William. 1881. The creed of science: religious, moral, …
  • … London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. Pfeffer, Wilhelm. 1881. Pflanzenphysiologie. Ein Handbuch des …
  • … in plants was reviewed anonymously in Botanische Zeitung , 24 June 1881, pp. 400–3, and …
  • … the German translation ( Carus trans. 1881 ) was reviewed by Gottlieb Haberlandt …
  • … in Botanische Zeitung , 1 July 1881, pp. 415–19. …
  • … See also letter to Francis Darwin, 26 June [1881] . …
  • … Earthworms was published on 10 October 1881 ( Freeman 1977 ). CD’s notes about wetting …

To Francis Darwin   17 October 1881

Summary

Has been reading Julius von Wiesner’s book [Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881)]. Comments that it is "an excellent book, but he vivisects me in the most grievous terms, but most effectively".

Has been experimenting on aggregation of chlorophyll but with little success.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  17 Oct 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 86
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13411

Matches: 21 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   17 October 1881
  • … DAR 211: 86 Charles Robert Darwin Down 17 Oct 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … book [ Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881)]. Comments that it is "an excellent book, …
  • … Kosmos 10: 212–14. Wiesner, Julius.  1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine …
  • … village (letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [9 October 1881] (DAR 219.9: 275)). …
  • … Station | Orpington. S.E.R. ) Oct 17 th 1881 My dear Frank I have not written before, …
  • … Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [9 October 1881] (DAR 219.9: 275)). CD was reading Julius …
  • … s Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (The power of movement in plants; Wiesner 1881 ). …
  • … See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 70– …
  • … 1. See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 66–70; in his experiment, he used a rotating apparatus so that …
  • … a misspelling of C. cajanifolia ) appeared in Kosmos , December 1881 ( F. Müller 1881c ). …
  • … The Darwins visited Cambridge from 20 to 27 October 1881 (CD’s ‘Journal’ (Appendix II)). …
  • … letter from Leonard Darwin, 12 October [1881] and n. 3; Isaac Withers Laslett was a local …
  • … visited the Darwins from 6 to 17 October 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). Bernard …
  • … see Kendall 1971 , p. 86). See Wiesner 1881 , p. 72. Wiesner argued that heliotropic …
  • … but rather a stress phenomenon caused by uneven growth. See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 47– …
  • … 50. See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 157–202. Francis’s ‘dodge’ probably involved one of the new …
  • … see, for example, letter from Francis Darwin, 17 June 1881 ). CD’s notes on aggregation of …
  • … Venus fly trap), dated between 8 and 12 October 1881, are in DAR 52: F73–83. CD’s notes on …
  • … peplus (petty spurge), dated between 12 August and 5 November 1881, are in DAR 62: 6–11. …
  • … letter from Fritz Müller, 6, 7, and 9 September 1881 and n. 2. Crotalaria is the genus of …

To Francis Darwin   28 [October 1881]

Summary

Earthworms is selling well.

Discussed how to repeat some of their plant experiments while in Cambridge.

Comments on Julius Wiesner’s views on plant movement.

S. H. Vines was very much surprised at the action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of Euphorbia.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  28 [Oct 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 88
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13440

Matches: 25 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   28 [October 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 88 Charles Robert Darwin Down 28 [Oct 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. See letter from J.  D.  Hooker, 27 October 1881 . …
  • … the letter from J.  D.  Hooker, 27 October 1881 . De rebus scientificibus : ‘on scientific …
  • … Latin). See letter from Fritz Müller, 9 and 10 August 1881 and n. 2. Müller had sent …
  • … had already sown some seeds by mid September 1881 (DAR 67: 93). It is unclear whether CD …
  • … from Fritz Müller, 6, 7, and 9 September 1881 , which is the most recent extant letter but …
  • … Agraria in Trieste 17. Wiesner, Julius.  1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine …
  • … 1846 , p. 388 (see letter from J. D. Hooker, 27 October 1881 and n. 3). See letter …
  • … to J. D. Hooker, 22 October 1881 , and letter from J. …
  • … D. Hooker, 27 October 1881 . Francis had sent home a salmon he …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, [21 October 1881] ). There is a copy of Ruggero Felice Solla ’ …
  • … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Griffith, William. 1846. On the structure of …
  • … sent the letter from J. D. Hooker, [23 October 1881] , in which Hooker mentions reading …
  • … 2). See letter from R. F. Cooke, 25 October 1881 . The Darwins and Francis’s son Bernard …
  • … his wife, Ida , in Cambridge from 20 to 27 October 1881 (CD’s ‘Journal’ (Appendix II)). …
  • … letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 24 October 1881 . Camilla Pattrick , a former governess with …
  • … Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [9 October 1881] (DAR 219.9: 275)). Sydney Howard Vines was a …
  • … s critique of Movement in plants ( Wiesner 1881 ). John William Strutt , third Baron …
  • … an artefact of the errors in CD’s methodology (see, for example, Wiesner 1881 , pp. 158– …
  • … 62). See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 57–9. CD had begun experimenting on the action of carbonate of …
  • … dated from 28 July to 14 November 1881, are in DAR 62: 2–5, 36–41. One observation that CD …
  • … in his letter to J. D. Hooker, 22 October 1881 , was that alternate rows of cells in the …
  • … of ammonia on roots’ , p. 245). See letter to Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881 . See …
  • … letter from George King, 13 September 1881 and n. 1. Dischidia rafflesiana (a synonym of …

To Francis Darwin   16 and 17 May 1881

Summary

Some papers have arrived for FD.

Comments on the work of Phillipe van Tieghem who evidently knows nothing of insectivorous plants.

Leslie Stephen’s visit to Down went off well.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  16 and 17 May 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 73
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13159

Matches: 23 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   16 and 17 May 1881
  • … DAR 211: 73 Charles Robert Darwin Down 16 and 17 May 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … Orpington. S.E.R. ) May 16 th Evening 1881. My dear Frank. Thanks for card about M.S.  I …
  • … Society, 12 May 1880. ] Scientific American Supplement no. 275 (9 April 1881). Candolle, …
  • … Casimir de. 1881. Considérations sur l’étude de la phyllotaxie. Archives des sciences …
  • … see the letter from Francis Darwin, 14 May 1881 and n. 1. CD was waiting for more proof- …
  • … See postcard to Francis Darwin, 12 May [1881] and n. 1. The paper was ‘The theory of the …
  • … von Voigts-Rhetz, [ after 18 April 1881] . CD subscribed to Botanische Zeitung , a bi- …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, 14 May 1881 and n. 7; Francis had mentioned that Julius …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, 14 May 1881 and n. 10. Caroline Wedgwood was CD’s sister. …
  • … Emma Darwin visited Ellen Harriet Tollet on 17 May 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). …
  • … the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 18 (1881): 406–19. Darwin, Francis. 1881a. Kletterpflanzen. …
  • … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. OED : The Oxford English dictionary. Being a …
  • … 1880 (see letter from Ernst Krause, 15 May 1881 and n. 5). A copy of Casimir de Candolle ’ …
  • … the study of phyllotaxy; C. de Candolle 1881 ) is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. …
  • … appeared in Scientific American Supplement , 9 April 1881. Obtund: blunt, deaden ( OED ). …
  • … Leslie Stephen visited Down from 14 to 17 May 1881; Emily Elizabeth Loch visited …
  • … from 14 to 18 May 1881; no visit by George Howard Darwin and Leonard Darwin is recorded ( …
  • … s nurse until her marriage in April 1881 to Arthur Parslow . The incident regarding a ship …
  • … of May ( letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [3 May 1881] ; DAR 219.9: 263). John …
  • … died at Hayes Common, Kent, on 16 June 1881 ( ODNB ); George had visited him in Davos, …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, 14 May 1881 and n. 9. Ernst Stahl had replaced Eduard …
  • … of botany at Jena. See letter from Frithiof Holmgren, 8 May 1881 , and letter from W. …

To Francis Darwin   [16 June 1881]

Summary

Describes seeds sent by George Payne [see 13205]. Is surprised that they bury themselves.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [16 June 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 98v
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13206

Matches: 16 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [16 June 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 98v Charles Robert Darwin Patterdale [16 June 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … 1872 ). See letter to Francis Darwin, 27 May 1881 and n. 4. CD had mistakenly thought that …
  • … approach to plant formations; Hult 1881 ) was about bloom. George, who understood Swedish, …
  • … of continents and mountains. [Read 16 June 1881. ] Philosophical Transactions of the Royal …
  • … of London 173 (1882): 187–230. Hult, Ragnar. 1881. Försök till analytisk behandling af …
  • … and the letter from George Payne, 14 June 1881 , and by the date of George Howard Darwin ’ …
  • … See letter from George Payne, 14 June 1881 and n. 1. Payne had sent seeds of Anemone …
  • … Patterdale in the Lake District on 15 June 1881. George’s paper, ‘On the stresses caused …
  • … pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 8: 1–155. Wortmann, Julius. 1881. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der …
  • … Mucorineen. Botanische Zeitung , 10 June 1881, pp. …
  • … 368–74, 17 June 1881, pp. 383–7. …
  • … was received at the Royal Society of London on 11 June 1881 ( G. H. Darwin 1881b ). …
  • … contribution on the biology of Mucorales; Wortmann 1881 ), appeared in parts in Botanische …
  • … Zeitung , 10 and 17 June 1881. CD had evidently read the first part, in which Wortmann …
  • … sporophores away from moisture. In Wortmann 1881 , pp. 373–4, Wortmann had cited Theophil …

To Francis Darwin   9 November [1881]

Summary

Comments on two letters received from W. F. P. Pfeffer [13425, 13464] who thinks Julius Wiesner’s view that light, etc. acts directly on plants is wrong.

Is frantic over the number of letters received about worms; feels the enthusiasm of the reception of Earthworms is laughable.

Is confounded by Euphorbia rootlets and has re-examined the effect of carbonate of ammonia.

Has thought of three good experiments to oppose Wiesner.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  9 Nov [1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 70, DAR 211: 89
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13476

Matches: 19 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   9 November [1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 70, DAR 211: 89 Charles Robert Darwin Down 9 Nov [1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Freeman, Richard Broke. 1977. The works of …
  • … Books, Shoe String Press. Wiesner, Julius.  1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine …
  • … this letter and the letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 . Francis had been salmon …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, [21 October 1881] ). George Edward Forrest and John Marmaduke …
  • … letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 24 October 1881 ; it had been translated from the German by …
  • … 1877 (see letter to S. H. Vines, 4 November 1881 and n. 3). CD had received a specimen of …
  • … George King in Calcutta (see letter from George King, 13 September 1881 , and letter to …
  • … George King, 24 October 1881 ). Dischidia rafflesiana is a synonym of Dischidia major . …
  • … had sent the letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 , to be translated (see letter …
  • … to Camilla Pattrick, [after 6 November 1881] ). Pfeffer had …
  • … Julius Wiesner ’s recent book ( Wiesner 1881 ), including his experiments on the response …
  • … of plants to light (see letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 and n. 4). …
  • … Earthworms was published on 10 October 1881 ( Freeman 1977 ); two additional printings of …
  • … each had been ordered by John Murray (see letter from R. F. Cooke, 25 October 1881 ). …
  • … Two further printings were made in 1881; the fifth thousand contained small additions (see …
  • … letter to R. F. Cooke, 6 November 1881 and n. 2). CD had found differences in reaction to …
  • … See letter to Francis Darwin, 28 [October 1881] and n. 12. His notes on the subject made …

To Francis Darwin   4 [June 1881]

Summary

Has taken almost all FD’s corrections for chapter six [of Earthworms]. Is glad FD approves of the book.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  4 [June 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 80
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13193

Matches: 14 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   4 [June 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 80 Charles Robert Darwin Patterdale 4 [June 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … Organe. Botanische Zeitung , 29 July 1881, pp. 473–80. Earthworms : The formation of …
  • … with observations on their habits. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Elfving, …
  • … Fredrik. 1881. En obeaktad känslighet …
  • … hos Phycomyces. Botaniska Notiser (1881): 105–7. Elfving, Fredrik. 1882. Ueber eine …
  • … two. See letter from James Paget, 1 June 1881 . The prince of Wales was the future King …
  • … in the Lake District from 3 June to 4 July 1881 ( Emma Darwin 's diary (DAR 242)). CD and …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, [before 4 June 1881] and n. 8. Francis was preparing a paper …
  • … paper appeared in Botanische Zeitung , 29 July 1881; no English abstract was published in …
  • … with his letter to CD of [before 4 June 1881] ; Elfving’s letter has not been found, but …
  • … to publish before Elfving (see letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] and nn. 3 and 4). …
  • … response in Phycomyces nitens in Elfving 1881 . Elfving was studying the tropic effects of …
  • … substances. In his letter of [before 4 June 1881] , Francis had mentioned that both Anton …

To Francis Darwin   28 June [1881]

Summary

Comments on FD’s notions about movement of multicellular and unicellular organisms.

Comments on an interesting letter received from J. B. Hannay [see 13222] which leads CD to speculate on the possibility of organisms inhabiting a red hot earth under great pressure.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  28 June [1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 84
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13225

Matches: 11 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   28 June [1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 84 Charles Robert Darwin Patterdale 28 June [1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … DAR 242), Emma Darwin recorded, ‘Mrs Ruck went by boat’, on 28 June 1881. See letter …
  • … from Francisco de Arruda Furtado, 13 June 1881 . …
  • … see ibid. , nn. 6 and 7). See letter to J. B. Hannay, 22 June 1881 , and letter from J. …
  • … B. Hannay, 27 June 1881 and n. 3. See letter …
  • … to J. B. Hannay, 22 June 1881 . Mary Anne Ruck was Bernard Darwin ’s maternal grandmother; …
  • … The year is established by the address. In 1881, the Darwins visited Glenridding House, …
  • … at Penrith ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 July 1881 ). Willesden Junction in north London …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, [19 June 1881] and n. 3. In Insectivorous plants , pp. 13– …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, [19 June 1881] and n. 4; Francis observed the movement of …

To Francis Darwin   26 June [1881]

Summary

Ernst Haeckel wants to go to Ceylon to examine Medusae and Radiolariae, CD has offered him £100.

Is working on revises of Earthworms.

Has seen a pied flycatcher for the first time.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  26 June [1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 83
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13220

Matches: 11 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   26 June [1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 83 Charles Robert Darwin Patterdale 26 June [1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … of worms: with observations on their habits. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. …
  • … the relationship between this letter and the letter from Ernst Haeckel, 21 June 1881 . See …
  • … letter from Ernst Haeckel, 21 June 1881 and n. 8. …
  • … See letter to Ernst Haeckel, 26 June [1881] . Ernst Abbe was a partner of Carl Zeiss in …
  • … optical firm at Jena. See letter from Ernst Haeckel, 21 June 1881 and nn. 2–4. See letter …
  • … to T. H. Huxley, 22 June 1881 . Thomas Henry Huxley was a secretary of the Royal Society …
  • … research (see letter to Ernst Haeckel, 25 June 1881 and n. 2). The British Association for …
  • … Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1881), pp. lxiii–lxvi). …
  • … £100 in his letter to Haeckel of 25 June 1881 . CD and Francis were revising proof-sheets …

To Francis Darwin   27 May 1881

Summary

Dispatches chapters six and seven [of Earthworms].

Asks for any opinions on V. Hensen and his book, Physiologie der Zeugung [1881], which seems interesting.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  27 May 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 77
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13179

Matches: 13 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   27 May 1881
  • … DAR 211: 77 Charles Robert Darwin Down 27 May 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … on V. Hensen and his book, Physiologie der Zeugung [1881], which seems interesting. …
  • … Station | Orpington. S.E.R. ) May 27 th 1881 My dear F. I despatch today Ch VI & VII, so …
  • … Ludimar Hermann. Leipzig: Vogel. Hult, Ragnar. 1881. Försök till analytisk behandling af …
  • … of the pendulum, see Nature , 3 November 1881, p. 20). The ‘shop’ was the recently founded …
  • … Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Grove, George. 2002. The new Grove dictionary …
  • … London: Headline Book Publishing. Hensen, Victor. 1881. Physiologie der Zeugung . Part II: …
  • … in the Lake District from 2 June to 5 July 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). Francis …
  • … paper soldiers (see letter from Francis Darwin, 19 [May 1881] and n. 13). Ragnar Hult ’s …
  • … analytical approach to plant formations; Hult 1881 ), was, in fact, about the structure of …
  • … Physiology of reproduction; Hensen 1881 ) has not been found in the Darwin Library–CUL. …
  • … Dimorphic condition in Primula ’ (see Hensen 1881 , pp. 150, 169–70, 175–6, and passim ). …

To Francis Darwin   14 November [1881]

Summary

Forwards a letter from W. F. P. Pfeffer, who opposes some of Julius Wiesner’s notions on plant movements.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  14 Nov [1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 90
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13485

Matches: 9 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   14 November [1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 90 Charles Robert Darwin Down 14 Nov [1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … Bibliography Wiesner, Julius.  1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine kritische …
  • … between this letter and the letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 . CD enclosed …
  • … letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 ; it contained remarks on Julius Wiesner ’ …
  • … s study of plant movement ( Wiesner 1881 ). See …
  • … letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 and n. 6. Pfeffer wrote ‘Constellationen’, …
  • … combination of factors’. See letter from Wilhelm Pfeffer, 6 November 1881 and n. 9. CD …
  • … see letter to Francis Darwin, 9 November [1881] and n. 9). In a note dated 14 November, CD …

To Francis Darwin   [9 July 1881]

Summary

Reports splendid cases of "paraheliotropism" which he now believes is one of the commonest movements of plants.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [9 July 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 71
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13103

Matches: 9 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [9 July 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 71 Charles Robert Darwin Down [9 July 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … Bibliography Brown, Nicholas Edward. 1881. A locomotive dicotyledon. …
  • … Gardeners’ Chronicle , 9 July 1881, p. 42. …
  • … 132). Another note, dated 8– 9 July 1881, described observations on Mimosa pudica (shame …
  • … s cases of paraheliotropism, see letter from Fritz Müller, 9 January 1881 and n. 8. …
  • … been found, but it was a cutting from Gardeners’ Chronicle , 9 July 1881, p. 42, with an …
  • … titled ‘A locomotive dicotyledon’ ( Brown 1881 ). Brown described the observations of …
  • … of vegetable growth. In a note dated 9 July 1881, CD described the alternate rising and …

To Francis Darwin   22 [October 1881]

Summary

Thinks FD should review Julius von Wiesner’s book [Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881)]. CD comforted that Wiesner’s experiments support their findings but finds it laughable how differently he has interpreted them.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  22 [Oct 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 87
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13422

Matches: 10 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   22 [October 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 87 Charles Robert Darwin Cambridge 22 [Oct 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … book [ Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881)]. CD comforted that Wiesner’s experiments …
  • … letter from Francis Darwin, [21 October 1881] and n. 5); no experimental notes around this …
  • … wife, Ida Darwin , in Cambridge from 20 to 27 October 1881 (CD’s ‘Journal’ (Appendix II)). …
  • … See letter from Francis Darwin, [21 October 1881] and n. 3. …
  • … Francis was thinking of reviewing Wiesner 1881 . The other work by Julius Wiesner was ‘Die …
  • … 42 (1880) pt. 1: 1–92. Wiesner, Julius.  1881. Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine …
  • … vol. 26, letter to Francis Darwin, 17 July [1878] ). See Wiesner 1881 , p. 141. …
  • … See Wiesner 1881 , pp. 107–29; Wiesner concluded that the phenomenon was a combination of …

To Francis Darwin   [18 December 1881]

Summary

Andrew Clark finds that CD’s heart is perfectly right.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [18 Dec 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 91
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13548

Matches: 9 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [18 December 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 91 Charles Robert Darwin London, Bryanston St, 4 [18 Dec 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … Bromley rather than Orpington. Andrew Clark visited CD on 17 December 1881 ( letter to G. …
  • … J. Romanes, 17 [December 1881] ). …
  • … of the Royal Society of London 33 (1881–2): 381–9. Macleod, Roy M. 1968. Government and …
  • … been found. The Darwins were in London from 13 to 20 December 1881; they visited Huxley …
  • … on Sunday 18 December 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). …
  • … had been appointed an inspector of fisheries in January 1881 (see MacLeod 1968 , pp. …
  • … 138–40). In December 1881, he went to study the epidemic of salmon disease that had …

To Francis Darwin   [c. 6 June 1881]

Summary

Has accepted FD’s correction to chapter seven [of Earthworms].

Weather is bad; sky like lead and the lake as black as ink.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [c. 6 June 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 81
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13194

Matches: 8 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [ c . 6 June 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 81 Charles Robert Darwin Patterdale [ c . 6 June 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … of worms: with observations on their habits. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. …
  • … and the letter to Francis Darwin, 4 [June 1881] . William Clowes & Sons were printers to …
  • … proof-sheets for the concluding chapter of Earthworms on 5 June 1881 (see letter to …
  • … Francis Darwin, 4 [June 1881] ). The Darwins visited Patterdale …
  • … in the Lake District from 3 June to 4 July 1881 ( Emma Darwin’s diary (DAR 242)). …
  • … Emma Darwin recorded that 6 and 7 June 1881 were both very cold, with a storm on 7 June ( …

To Francis Darwin   12 May [1881]

Summary

Copies of FD’s paper have arrived ["The theory of growth", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) 18 (1881): 406–19]. Does he want them dispatched?

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  12 May [1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 72
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13155

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   12 May [1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 72 Charles Robert Darwin Down 12 May [1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … of growth", J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot. ) 18 (1881): 406–19]. Does he want them dispatched? …
  • … Read 16 December 1880. ] Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 18 (1881): 406–19. …
  • … F. Darwin 1880b ), was published on 29 April 1881 in the Journal of the Linnean Society ( …

To Francis Darwin   [after 27 May 1881]

Summary

Thanks FD for corrections [for Earthworms].

Discusses experiments on absorption in Drosera.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [after 27 May 1881]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 78
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13181

Matches: 8 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [after 27 May 1881] …
  • … DAR 211: 78 Charles Robert Darwin Down [after 27 May 1881] Francis Darwin …
  • … By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Richter, Hans. 1882. Hanns Richter bei …
  • … to Down in his letter to Francis of 27 May 1881 . In a description of the visit, Richter …
  • … the proof-sheets of the fourth chapter of Earthworms on 23 May 1881 ( letter to Francis …
  • … Darwin, 22–3 May 1881 ). …
  • … and the letter to Francis Darwin, 27 May 1881 . CD and Francis were correcting proof- …
  • … see letter from Francis Darwin, 23 [May 1881] and nn. 7 and 8). Philippe van Tieghem had …

To Francis Darwin   [c. 8 July 1881?]

Summary

A stock certificate has arrived for FD.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  [c. 8 July 1881?]
Classmark:  DAR 211: 82v
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13186

Matches: 4 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   [ c. 8 July 1881? ] …
  • … DAR 211: 82v Charles Robert Darwin unstated [c. 8 July 1881? ] Francis Darwin …
  • … possible relationship between this letter and the letter to Francis Darwin, 8 July 1881 . …
  • … In his letter of 8 July 1881 , CD told Francis that he had received a receipt from the …

To Francis Darwin   20 May 1881

Summary

Thanks FD for his excellent corrections [to MS of Earthworms].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Darwin
Date:  20 May 1881
Classmark:  DAR 211: 74
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13169

Matches: 6 hits

  • … To Francis Darwin   20 May 1881
  • … DAR 211: 74 Charles Robert Darwin Down 20 May 1881 Francis Darwin …
  • … Railway Station | Orpington. S.E.R. ) May 20 1881 My dear F. Bernard is quite jolly: as …
  • … Journal of the Linnean Society ( Botany ) 18 (1881): 420–55. Earthworms : The formation of …
  • … Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1881. Secord, Anne. 2019. Specimens of observation: …
  • … see letter from Francis Darwin, 14 May 1881 ). The manuscript about the clinostat ( …
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Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers

Summary

In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…

Matches: 28 hits

  • … In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, …
  • … was another source of pleasure in the early months of 1881. This book had been a major undertaking …
  • … making 2000’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 4 January 1881 ). Unlike Darwin’s other books, …
  • … case is to me’ (letters to W. E. Darwin, 31 January [1881] and 19 February [1881] ). On 7 …
  • … individual experience ( letter from G. J. Romanes, 7 March 1881 ). The difficulty with earthworms …
  • … were trustworthy ( letter to Francis Galton, 8 March [1881] ). Although results from earlier …
  • … ‘a game of chance’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 12 April 1881 ). On 18 May he described his work on …
  • … annuals ( letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 21 March [1881] ). Darwin thought flowers of the semi- …
  • … sulky in a day or two’ ( letter to R. F. Cooke, 29 July 1881 ). The degree of Darwin’s distress …
  • … period of the season’ ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 30 July 1881 ). Darwin gave in. ‘I am now uneasy …
  • … teacher told him ( letter from C. E. Södling, 14 October 1881 ), while H. M. Wallis, who sent …
  • … general stock of knowledge’ ( letter to E. W. Bok, 10 May 1881 ). Josef Popper, an expert on …
  • … any criticism’ ( letter to C. G. Semper, 19 July 1881 ). He continued his friendly disagreement …
  • … of the Fuegians’ ( letter to W. P. Snow, 22 November 1881 ). Darwin received news about the …
  • … on the shoulder (l etter from B. J. Sulivan, 18 March 1881 ). Among numerous new …
  • … ( letter from Francisco de Arruda Furtado, 29 July 1881 ). Likewise, among the many books …
  • … excellent Journal’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 4 July [1881] ). In these ways, Darwin kept up with …
  • … conscious of it’ ( letter to Alexander Agassiz, 5 May 1881 ). His scientific friends, however, did …
  • … on all our minds’ ( letter to John Lubbock, [18 September 1881] ). When Hooker, anxious about his …
  • … much out’ of his mind ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 20 June [1881] ). Feeling ‘awfully guilty’ for …
  • … & many a good fight’ (letters to J. D. Hooker, 6 August 1881 and 12 August 1881 ). …
  • … on all physiologists’ ( letter to G. J. Romanes, 18 April 1881 ). A letter he had written to the …
  • … & tear of controversy’ ( letter to G. R. Jesse, 23 April 1881 ). Later in the year, Darwin …
  • … judgment on the subject ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 12 July 1881 ). However, some requests were …
  • … intelligent man’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, 1 July [1881] ). Despite this, Darwin thanked ‘all …
  • … ‘go to the wall’ ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 19 November [1881] ). Darwin was as solicitous about …
  • … no pretensions’ (l etter from W. E. Darwin, 13 January [1881 ]), Darwin immediately prepared a …
  • … have occurred to him’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 29 January 1881 ). While Francis was …

Volume 29 (1881) is published!

Summary

In October 1881, Darwin published his last book, The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms: with observations on their habits. A slim volume on a subject that many people could understand and on which they had their own opinions, it went…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … From the start of 1881, Darwin had his demise on his mind. He increasingly relied on his son …
  • … now available. Read more about Darwin's life in 1881  in our Life in letters series …
  • … received.    Letter t o Francis Darwin, 9 November [1881] In October 1881, Darwin …
  • …              Letter to A. B. Buckley, 4 January 1881 In January, Darwin heard that …
  • … do.            Letter to J. D. Hooker, 15 June 1881 The Darwins spent June in the …
  • …               Letter to W. E. Darwin, 4 August [1881] In early August, Darwin …
  • …               Letter to T. H. Farrer, 28 August 1881 Darwin’s elder brother, …
  • …          Letter t o B. J. Sulivan, 1 December 1881         …

Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881

Summary

We might assume that among female admirers of Darwin’s work, many would have been disappointed by his views on the comparative intellectual capacities of the sexes expressed in The Descent of Man (1872). This was certainly true of the American feminist…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … as she clearly had not read  Descent  when, in December 1881, she heard a paper at the New England …
  • … Club (of which she was a staunch member). On 26 December 1881 , she wrote to ask Darwin ‘whether …

Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881

Summary

Thomas Huxley’s pugnacious public defence of evolution led to his nickname ‘Darwin’s bulldog’ and to a view of Darwin as an evader of controversy. Darwin firmly believed that controversy rarely did any good, but this did not mean that he avoided challenges…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … however, was tempered. Writing to Wiesner on 25 October 1881 , Darwin stated ‘I have no doubt …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 11 hits

  • … in Down, where his brother Erasmus had been interred in 1881. But some of his scientific friends …
  • … vol. 29, letter from Arthur de Souza Corrêa, 28 December 1881 ). Darwin had a long-running …
  • … last book, Earthworms , had been published in October 1881. It proved to be very popular, with …
  • … vol. 29, letter from J. F. Simpson, 8 November 1881 ). He remarked on the ‘far reaching …
  • … Correspondence vol. 29, letter to Emily Talbot, 19 July 1881 ) was also published in the …
  • … American, Caroline Kennard, had written on 26 December 1881 (see Correspondence vol. 29) to …
  • … on the topic of science and art. He had sat for Collier in 1881 for a portrait commissioned by the …
  • … letter from John Collier, 22 February 1882 ; T. H. Huxley 1881, pp. 199–245). Huxley used …
  • … discoverer of tidal evolution’ ( Nature , 24 November 1881, p. 81). Darwin boasted to Rich: …
  • … the birth of his first child (Erasmus Darwin) on 7 December 1881. Finally, Darwin had a second …
  • … by Lyell’s sister-in-law Katherine (see K. M. Lyell ed. 1881, 2: 445–6). A complete draft and …

Alexander Burns Usborne

Summary

Alexander Burns Usborne was born in Kendal, Westmorland, in 1808, the son of Alexander and Margaret Usborne; his father died in 1818 and in his will was described as the purser on HMS Hannibal. His son joined the navy in 1825 aged 16 as a second-class…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … one called Beagle , in Plymouth harbour, until 1881 . He died in 1885, aged 76. His sister …
  • … 1861 (RG 9/1428/56/38), 1871 (RG10/2106/42/4), 1881 (RG11/2185/145/41) L. S. Dawson. 1885. …

1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean

Summary

< Back to Introduction By 1881 it was clear to Darwin’s intimates that he was increasingly frail, and that, as he approached death, he had finally escaped from religious controversy to become a heroic figure, loved and venerated for his achievements…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … < Back to Introduction By 1881 it was clear to Darwin’s intimates that he was …
  • … Society in 1858. Moreover, the Society was now, in May 1881, dominated by Darwinians. Its President …
  • … work and any other subject that cropped up.’ On 7 August 1881 Darwin was able to report to Romanes …
  • … of image John Collier 
 date of creation 1881 
 computer-readable date …
  • … archive, manuscript letter LL/8, Darwin to Romanes, 27 May 1881. Correspondence between Darwin and …
  • … Letter from Darwin to his son George, 23 July 1881, telling him the picture was finished (DCP-LETT …
  • … pp. 118–121, correspondence between Romanes and Darwin in 1881 (DCP-LETT-13173, 13229, 13282). …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … from scientific debate. The matter spilled over into January 1881. With Henrietta’s aid, the advice …
  • … bags ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [6, 13, or 20] March 1881 ). Romanes was at work on a lengthy …
  • … memorial was eventually submitted to Gladstone in January 1881 and was successful. For a copy of the …

Casting about: Darwin on worms

Summary

Earthworms were the subject of a citizen science project to map the distribution of earthworms across Britain (BBC Today programme, 26 May 2014). The general understanding of the role earthworms play in improving soils and providing nutrients for plants to…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … , with observations on their habits, which was published in 1881. Despite Darwin’s fears that a book …
  • … earthworms. Although his monograph was not published until 1881, he had long been interested in …
  • … anyone wd suppose’ ( letter to W. E. Darwin, 31 January [1881] (CUL DAR 210.6: 173)). …

Diagrams and drawings in letters

Summary

Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … and the fertilisation of figs by Hymenoptera,  9 January 1881 CD's instructions to …

4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2

Summary

< Back to Introduction In October 1881, Darwin was included in Linley Sambourne’s series of ‘Punch’s Fancy Portraits’ of celebrities as No. 54. While the caption recurs to the old theme of Darwin’s views on human ancestry, the drawing contains a more…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … < Back to Introduction In October 1881, Darwin was included in Linley Sambourne’s …
  • … Linley Sambourne 
 date of creation October 1881 
 computer-readable date 1881
  • … references and bibliography Punch vol. 81 (22 October 1881), p. 190. Janet Browne, Charles …

3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah

Summary

< Back to Introduction In photographs of Darwin taken c.1880-1, the expression of energetic thought conveyed by photographs of earlier years gives way to the pathos of evident physical frailty. While Collier’s oil portrait of this time emphasises…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … and Letters of his father (1887), and there it was dated 1881. However, another photograph from …
  • … by the National Portrait Gallery (NPG X5938) to 29 November 1881. However, Janet Browne points out …
  • … of sadness at that time. In a letter to Hooker of 15 June 1881, echoed in another to B.J. Sulivan of …
  • … of Elliott and Fry 
 date of creation c.1880-1881 
 computer-readable date c …
  • … and bibliography letters from Darwin to Hooker, 15 June 1881 (DCP-LETT-13207) and to B.J. Sulivan, …

Darwin's bad days

Summary

Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and experimenting, even Darwin had some bad days. These times when nothing appeared to be going right are well illustrated by the following quotations from his letters:

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and …

Exercise: Caricatures of Science

Summary

Caricatures provide intriguing insights into both ideals and transgressions of gender. The following six images show caricatured representations of nineteenth-century men and women of science. They provide insight into the boundaries of what was deemed …

Matches: 1 hits

  • … align="aligncenter" width="206"] Clémence Royer (1881)[/caption] …

3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871

Summary

< Back to Introduction The leading photographic firm of Elliott and Fry seems to have portrayed Darwin at Down House on several occasions. In November 1869 Darwin told A. B. Meyer, who wanted photographs of both him and Wallace for a German…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … by Edmond Barbier and published in Paris by C. Reinwald in 1881. The frontispiece to Henry Alleyne …
  • … agree to another session at Down with their photographer in 1881.  physical location …
  • … influence on horticulture (DAR 140.1.4) was reprinted in 1881 (DAR 140 1.33) and for an obituary …

3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos

Summary

< Back to Introduction The successful portrait photographer Herbert Rose Barraud, who had studios in London and Liverpool, photographed Darwin in the summer of 1881, in a group of four or so close-up head-and-shoulders portraits. This was probably at…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … London and Liverpool, photographed Darwin in the summer of 1881, in a group of four or so close-up …
  • … Barraud for photographs, presumably these ones, on 6 July 1881, establishing their approximate date …
  • … Herbert Rose Barraud  
 date of creation 1881 
 computer-readable date c.1881-01 …

4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3

Summary

< Back to Introduction Linley Sambourne’s last caricature of Darwin, ‘Man is But a Worm’, was published in Punch’s Almanac for 1882 on 6 December 1881, only four months before Darwin’s death. Like Sambourne’s ‘Punch’s Fancy Portraits. No. 54. Charles…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … published in Punch’s Almanac for 1882 on 6 December 1881, only four months before Darwin’s death …
  • … No. 54. Charles Robert Darwin, LL.D., F.R.S.’ of October 1881, it is an affectionate and whimsical …
  • … date of creation November-December 1881 
 computer-readable date 1881-11-01 to 1881-12-5 …
  • … Punch’s Almanac for 1882 , issued 6 December 1881 (unpaginated). Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: …

Religion

Summary

Design|Personal Belief|Beauty|The Church Perhaps the most notorious realm of controversy over evolution in Darwin's day was religion. The same can be said of the evolution controversy today; however the nature of the disputes and the manner in…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Letter 13230 — Darwin, C. R. to Graham, William, 3 July 1881 Darwin praises Graham’s Creed …
  • … — Darwin, C. R. to Fegan, J. W. C., [Dec 1880 – Feb 1881] Darwin writes to J. W. C Fegan, a …

Earthworms

Summary

As with many of Darwin’s research topics, his interest in worms spanned nearly his entire working life. Some of his earliest correspondence about earthworms was written and received in the 1830s, shortly after his return from his Beagle voyage, and his…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Geological Society (Ser. 2) 5:505-509. Darwin, C.R. 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, …
  • … Mary Catherine Stanley (Lady Derby) to Darwin, 16 October 1881 Among pleasantries about the …
  • … Vegetable Mould and Earth-Worms (London: John Murray, 1881), 26. [2] Ibid., 26-27. …

Dipsacus and Drosera: Frank’s favourite carnivores

Summary

In Autumn of 1875, Francis Darwin was busy researching aggregation in the tentacles of Drosera rotundifolia (F. Darwin 1876). This phenomenon occurs when coloured particles within either protoplasm or the fluid in the cell vacuole (the cell sap) cluster…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … again, for I am sure that it is worth it.’  As late as 1881, less than a year before his death, …
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