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From H. H. Howorth   31 December 1873

Summary

Thanks CD for subsidence references in response to HHH’s Nature paper ["The distribution of volcanoes", 9 (1874): 141–2].

Hopes to refer to CD’s having previously suggested the corresponding elevation of continents and sinking of the larger oceans in his next letter to Nature [9 (1874): 201–2]. Occurrence of volcanoes at boundary between rising and sinking lands reconciles his views with CD’s.

Author:  Henry Hoyle Howorth
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  31 Dec 1873
Classmark:  DAR 166: 278
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9194

Matches: 7 hits

  • … paper ["The distribution of volcanoes", 9 (1874): 141–2]. Hopes to refer to CD’s having …
  • … oceans in his next letter to Nature [9 (1874): 201–2]. Occurrence of volcanoes at boundary …
  • … and terrestrial magnetism’ ( Nature , 15 January 1874, pp.  201–2), Howorth referred to …
  • … Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874. Fenton, Francis Dart. 1859. Observations on …
  • … 4th ser. 43: 476–8. Howorth, Henry Hoyle. 1874. Recent changes in the southern circumpolar …
  • … southern circumpolar region’, appeared in 1874 in the Journal of the Royal Geographical …
  • … the coast of parts of South America ( Howorth 1874 , pp.  255–6). Howorth may refer to an …

To Smith, Elder & Co   17 December [1873]

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Summary

Suggests that his Coral reefs be republished.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Smith, Elder & Co
Date:  17 Dec [1873]
Classmark:  DAR 96: 159–60
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9181

Matches: 4 hits

  • … reefs , published by Smith, Elder & Co , appeared in June 1874 ( Publishers’ Circular , …
  • … 1 July 1874, p.  420). John Murray . …
  • … the letter to Smith, Elder & Co , 8 January 1874 ( Correspondence vol.  22). Coral reefs . …
  • … 22, letter to Horace Darwin, 9 January [1874] ). The Macmillan bookshop was at 1 Trinity …

To W. W. Baxter   11 December [1873–5?]

Summary

Requests hydrated magnesia.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Walmisley Baxter
Date:  11 Dec [1873-5]
Classmark:  Bromley Historic Collections, Bromley Central Library (144/2)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13772G

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Charles Robert Darwin Down 11 Dec 1873 11 Dec 1874 11 Dec 1875 William Walmisley Baxter …
  • … a note on the letter reading ‘About 1874? ’ that may have been made by William Baxter ( …

From T. H. Huxley   3 December 1873

Summary

A letter from Anton Dohrn declines the proposed fund [that THH and others suggested be raised in England for marine biological station at Naples].

Hooker’s inaugural as President of Royal Society a success.

R. Owen distinguished himself in his way.

Author:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  3 Dec 1873
Classmark:  DAR 166: 330; Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Archives (Huxley 13: 252)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9169

Matches: 3 hits

  • … a reference to Maria von Baranowska , whom Dohrn married in 1874 ( Heuss 1991 , p.  161). …
  • … zu befreien. Da ich meinem Contractor für 1874 & 1875 je 750£.  zu zahlen habe, welche er …
  • … I have to pay my contractor 750£.  for 1874 & 1875, which he has had to leave in my hands …

To T. H. Huxley   5 December [1873]

Summary

Sorry to hear of Dohrn’s troubles. Has written to prospective donors saying that nothing can be done because of attitude of Dohrn’s father.

New [2d] edition of Descent is an awful job.

Diet no longer doing much for his health.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Date:  5 Dec [1873]
Classmark:  Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine Archives (Huxley 5: 305)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9173

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874. Descent : The descent of man, and selection …

To F. S. B. François de Chaumont   17 December [1873]

Summary

Thanks FdeC for his note and invites criticisms.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Francis Stephen Bennet François de Chaumont
Date:  17 Dec [1873]
Classmark:  Wellcome Collection (RAMC/473/3) Trustees of the Army Medical Service Museum
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9179

Matches: 1 hit

  • … used between January 1872 and November 1874. Chaumont’s note has not been found. Chaumont …

From J. L. H. Down   20 December 1873

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Summary

Describes an ear from a microcephalous idiot, which does not lend support to Ludwig Mayer’s view [that points on ears are mere variations; see Descent, 2d ed., pp. 15–16].

Is working on involution rather than evolution, with results confirming CD’s teaching.

Author:  John Langdon Haydon Down
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  20 Dec 1873
Classmark:  DAR 87: 61–2
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9188

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874. Descent : The descent of man, and selection …

To Eduard Koch   20 December [1873]

Summary

Thanks for copy of translation of Variation

and the "admirable work on the microscopical structure of rock" [C. G. Ehrenberg, Mikrogeologische Studien (1873)].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Eduard Koch; E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
Date:  20 Dec [1873]
Classmark:  Cleveland Health Sciences Library (Robert M. Stecher collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9186

Matches: 1 hit

  • … CD used between January 1872 and November 1874. CD refers to the second German edition of …

From Jonathan Peel   4 December 1873

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Summary

On the vermiform appendix,

snipes breeding in England,

and the horns of crossbred sheep.

Author:  Jonathan Peel
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  4 Dec 1873
Classmark:  DAR 88: 132–3
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9172

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874. Descent : The descent of man, and selection …

From Hubert Airy   7 December 1873

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Summary

Illustrates, with reference to different species of Gasteria, the role of twisting in the development of leaf arrangement.

Author:  Hubert Airy
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  7 Dec 1873
Classmark:  DAR 159: 27
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9175

Matches: 1 hit

  • … 22, letter from Hubert Airy, 8 January 1874 ). CD’s copies of American Naturalist are in …

To Alfred Moschkau   19 December 1873

Summary

Discusses speech of parrots and starling. [See Descent, 2d ed., p. 85 n.]

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Otto Carl Alfred (Alfred) Moschkau
Date:  19 Dec 1873
Classmark:  American Philosophical Society (Mss.B.D25.433)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-9184

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874. Descent : The descent of man, and selection …
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Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 23 hits

  • … The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the …
  • … intervals’ ( letter to D. T. Gardner, [ c . 27 August 1874] ). The death of a Cambridge friend, …
  • … and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ).  Such reminiscences led Darwin to …
  • … much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). I feel very old & …
  • … old & helpless’  ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] ). Darwin mentioned his poor …
  • … on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October 1874 ). Séances, psychics, and …
  • … Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] ). Later in the month, …
  • … and an imposter’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874 ). Darwin agreed that it was ‘all …
  • … perform his antics’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 29 January [1874] ). This did not stop word getting …
  • … at his home ( letter from T. G. Appleton, 2 April 1874 ). Back over old ground New …
  • … Charles Lyell ( letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January 1874 , letter to J. D. Hooker, 8 …
  • … of correction’ ( letter to H. E. Litchfield, 21 [March 1874] ). The book came out in June with the …
  • … Darwin on this point ( letter from J. D. Dana, 21 July 1874 ); however, he did not retract his …
  • … dog breeders (letters from George Cupples, 21 February 1874 and 12 March 1874 ); the material …
  • … Islands (Hawaii; letters from T. N. Staley, 12 February 1874 and 20 February 1874 ; letters …
  • … islanders ( letter from William Dealtry, 16 January 1874 ). One of the most significant …
  • … enemy into a jelly’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 14 April 1874 ). The technical nature of Huxley’s …
  • … mind where it goes’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 16 April 1874 ). The second edition of  …
  • … would be very good ( letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874 ). Darwin's son George …
  • … of your thought’ ( letter from G. H. Darwin, 20 April 1874 ). The Mivart affair …
  • … mental and physical disorders (G. H. Darwin 1873b). In July 1874, an anonymous essay appeared in the …
  • … libel’ on his son ( letter to G. H. Darwin, [27 July 1874] ).  George, however, consulted with his …
  • … [a] lying scoundrel’ ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 1 August [1874] ). He drafted a brief statement of …

Darwin's 1874 letters go online

Summary

The full transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters to and from Charles Darwin in 1874 are published online for the first time. You can read about Darwin's life in 1874 through his letters and see a full list of the letters. The 1874 letters…

Matches: 9 hits

  • … of over 600 letters to and from Charles Darwin in 1874 are published online for the first time. …
  • … ( Letter to G. H. Darwin, 1 August [1874] ) The Mivart affair highlights …
  • … are some other highlights from Darwin's correspondence in 1874: I feel as old as …
  • … signifying so much.  ( Letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ) At the age of 65, Darwin …
  • … more quietly was severely tested by some of the events of 1874. He had a clear idea of the shape of …
  • … must be enough for me  ( Letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ) During the year he …
  • … the positive  ( Letter to J. D. Hooker, 30 August [1874] ) – he mourned after several …
  • … day’s work  ( Letter to D. F. Nevill, 18 September [1874] ) Darwin’s family continued …
  • … have to do—  ( Letter to J. D. Hooker, 30 November [1874] ) Darwin’s continuing …

St George Jackson Mivart

Summary

In the second half of 1874, Darwin’s peace was disturbed by an anonymous article in the Quarterly Review suggesting that his son George was opposed to the institution of marriage and in favour of ‘unrestrained licentiousness’. Darwin suspected, correctly,…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … In 1874, the Catholic zoologist St George Jackson Mivart caused Darwin and his son …
  • … appeared to have created very little stir, until, in July 1874, Mivart published an anonymous review …
  • … of the Quarterly ( letter from G. H. Darwin, 29 July 1874 ). Darwin hastily advised against …
  • … to wish to circulate ( letter to G. H. Darwin, 1 August [1874] ). Darwin provided a draft of the …
  • … to endorse them ( letter from G. H. Darwin, 5 August 1874 ). He sent a second draft, which Darwin …
  • … a fair copy of his letter with his letter of 6 [August] 1874 . George and Darwin were also …
  • … George’s letter to Murray with his letter of 11 August 1874 , and was no doubt relieved to …
  • … to all he asked ( letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874 ). In October, George’s letter …
  • … a Pickwickian sense’ ( letter to John Murray, 18 October 1874 ). In other words, Mivart had used …
  • … reaction was savage ( letter to G. H. Darwin, [6 December 1874] ). Hooker and Huxley between them …
  • … the attack on George ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December 1874 ). Huxley met Mivart at an evening …
  • … ( Enclosure to letter from J. D. Hooker, 21 December 1874 .) A reply soon came from Mivart . …
  • … of a gentleman’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 23 December 1874 ). However, Huxley still wrote to …
  • … this.   124 Gower St W.C. Dec. 24th 1874. Private & Confidential …
  • … to John Tyndall ( letter from John Tyndall, 28 December 1874 , and letter from J. D. Hooker, 29 …
  • … 16 January 1875, p. 66, signed, ‘The Quarterly Reviewer of 1874’. In it he reiterated his claim that …

Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874

Summary

You receive a gift from your scientific hero Charles Darwin. It is a book that contains sections on your favourite topic—ants. If only you had paid attention when your mother tried to teach you English you might be able to read it. But you didn’t, and you…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … understand a word. Writing in French on 12 November 1874 to thank Darwin for the book, …

Joseph Simms

Summary

The American doctor and author of works on physiognomy Joseph Simms wrote to Darwin on 14 September 1874, while he was staying in London. He enclosed a copy of his book Nature’s revelations of character (Simms 1873). He hoped it might 'prove…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … physiognomy Joseph Simms wrote to Darwin on 14 September 1874 , while he was staying in London. …
  • … stockings. (Letter from Joseph Simms, 14 September 1874 ) The foot could tell …

Essay: What is Darwinism?

Summary

—by Asa Gray WHAT IS DARWINISM? The Nation, May 28, 1874 The question which Dr. Hodge asks he promptly and decisively answers: ‘What is Darwinism? it is atheism.’ Leaving aside all subsidiary and incidental matters, let us consider–1. What the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Gray WHAT IS DARWINISM? The Nation, May 28, 1874 The question which Dr. Hodge …

Essay: Evolution & theology

Summary

—by Asa Gray EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY The Nation, January 15, 1874 The attitude of theologians toward doctrines of evolution, from the nebular hypothesis down to ‘Darwinism,’ is no less worthy of consideration, and hardly less diverse, than that of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY The Nation, January 15, 1874 The attitude of theologians toward …

Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings

Summary

‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … attack upon Darwin’s son George, in an anonymous review in 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, …
  • … had also considered taking up the issue with Murray in 1874, even threatening to break off future …
  • … laid to rest, another controversy was brewing. In December 1874, Darwin had been asked to sign a …
  • … botanical research and had visited Down House in April 1874 (see Correspondence vol. 22, letters …
  • … A scientific friendship had developed between the men in 1874, and this was enhanced by Romanes’s …
  • … white’ ( letter from G. J. Romanes, [before 4 November 1874] ).   Testing Pangenesis …
  • … had learned of Lyell’s failing health from Hooker in 1874 and January 1875. On 22 February, he was …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … 9426 - Story-Maskelyne , T. M. to Darwin, [23 April 1874] Thereza Story-Maskelyne …
  • … Letter 9616 - Marshall, T. to Darwin, [September 1874] Theodosia Marshall sends …
  • … 9606 - Harrison, L. C. to Darwin, [22 August 1874] Darwin’s niece, Lucy, sends a …
  • … Letter 9616  - Marshall, T.  to Darwin, [September 1874] Theodosia Marshall details …
  • … Letter 9485 - Treat, M. to Darwin, [8 June 1874] Mary Treat details her experiments …

4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1

Summary

< Back to Introduction In a cartoon of 1874 by Figaro’s French-born artist Faustin Betbeder (known as Faustin), Darwin holds up a mirror reflecting himself and the startled ape sitting beside him. Their hairy bodies, seen against a background of palm…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … < Back to Introduction In a cartoon of 1874 by Figaro’ s French-born artist Faustin …
  • … this anti-Darwinian argument – a surprising one for 1874 – was genuine or tongue-in-cheek, it is …
  • … appeared on the front page of the issue for 18 February 1874, surrounded by an elaborate wood …
  • … The caricature of Darwin was not included until the May 1874 issue of the Sketch-Book (vol. 1, …
  • … at bottom left. 
 date of creation February 1874 
 computer-readable date c. …
  • … of the Huntington Library. Figaro no. 475 (18 February 1874), cover illustration. James G. …

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)

Summary

George Eliot was the pen name of celebrated Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880). She was born on the outskirts of Nuneaton in Warwickshire and was educated at boarding schools from the age of five until she was 16. Her education ended when she…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … started ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] ). Darwin took Emma to a Sunday afternoon at …

4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire

Summary

< Back to Introduction In 1874 the Harvard philosopher John Fiske published his magnum opus, Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, in which he set out to explain the far-reaching significance of Darwin’s and Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary theories. He…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … < Back to Introduction In 1874 the Harvard philosopher John Fiske published his magnum …
  • … in 1879 and 1880. When Cosmic Philosophy appeared in 1874, Fiske sent Darwin a copy, but …
  • … mind generally towards the doctrine of Evolution in 1874-1875. I like to keep this design before me …
  • … bottom right) 
 date of creation September 1874 
 computer-readable date 1874-09 …
  • … and bibliography The Daily Graphic 5: 474 (12 Sept. 1874), front page. John Fiske, Outlines …
  • … and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, and London: Macmillan, 1874); there were many subsequent editions. …
  • … letters to Fiske about Outlines : DCP-LETT- 9706 (3 Nov. [1874]) and DCP-LETT- 9749 (8 Dec. [1874

Photograph album of Dutch admirers

Summary

Darwin received the photograph album for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from his scientific admirers in the Netherlands. He wrote to the Dutch zoologist Pieter Harting, An account of your countrymen’s generous sympathy in having sent me on my…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … to Hermanus Hartogh Heijs van Zouteveen, 18 February 1874 ) Zouteveen’s editions of …

Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … can be chloroformed (letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December 1874 ). In the previous sections …

4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy

Summary

< Back to Introduction In September 1874, the American doctor Joseph Simms, then on a three-year lecture tour of Britain, sent Darwin a copy of his book, Nature’s Revelations of Character; Or, Physiognomy Illustrated. He was seeking a public…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … < Back to Introduction In September 1874, the American doctor Joseph Simms, then on a …
  • … [1861] (DCP-LETT-3256]. Simms’s letter to Darwin, 14 Sept. 1874 (DCP-LETT-9637; from DAR 177:164). …

Dramatisation script

Summary

Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007

Matches: 1 hits

  • … A GRAY 3 AUGUST 1871 201  TO A GRAY 3 JUNE [1874] 202  FROM A GRAY 16 …

Darwin as mentor

Summary

Darwin provided advice, encouragement and praise to his fellow scientific 'labourers' of both sexes. Selected letters Letter 2234 - Darwin to Unidentified, [5 March 1858] Darwin advises that Professor C. P. Smyth’s observations are not…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Letter 9580 - Darwin to Darwin, G. H. D., [1 August 1874] Darwin gives feedback on work …
  • … Letter 9613 - Darwin to Hooker, J. D., [30 August 1874] Darwin comments on a “clever” …

3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871

Summary

< Back to Introduction The leading photographic firm of Elliott and Fry seems to have portrayed Darwin at Down House on several occasions. In November 1869 Darwin told A. B. Meyer, who wanted photographs of both him and Wallace for a German…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … 1871, but dates others (still with the spotted waistcoat) to 1874.   Elliott and Fry were …
  • … Table in November 1876. The Pictorial World of 6 June 1874 published a wood engraving which …
  • … taken in summer 1869 and summer 1871, possible also in 1874. 
 computer-readable date c …
  • … 140.1.9). Wood engraving in The Pictorial World (6 June 1874), p. 228 (DAR 140.1.3). Another …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … ( To Fritz Müller, 25 September 1873 ). But by March 1874, some doubts seemed to have arisen when …
  • … with new & related matter. ( To J. V. Carus, 19 March [1874] ). A year later, Darwin still …

3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos

Summary

< Back to Introduction Darwin’s plans for the illustration of his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) led him to the Swedish-born painter and photographer, Oscar Gustaf Rejlander. Rejlander gave Darwin the notes that he had…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … as a steel engraving, which was published in Nature in 1874, and was included in Francis Darwin …
  • … to the Subscribers to Nature no.  240 June 4 th 1874’. Wood engraving in The Graphic , XI:278 …
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