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To T. H. Huxley   26 September [1857]

Summary

Agassiz’s superficiality and wretched reasoning powers. But he stirred up Europe on glaciers. Lyell has been working on their effects – testing work of others.

CD believes "Natural Systems" ought to be simply genealogical. "Time will come when we shall have true genealogical trees of each great kingdom of nature."

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Date:  26 Sept [1857]
Classmark:  Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine Archives (Huxley 5: 54)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2143

Matches: 9 hits

  • … To T.  H. Huxley   26 September [1857] …
  • … Archives (Huxley 5: 54) Charles Robert Darwin Down 26 Sept [1857] Thomas Henry Huxley …
  • … during his visit to the Swiss Alps in August 1857. In a published letter to John Tyndall ( …
  • … T.  H. Huxley 1857 b), Huxley criticized Agassiz’s earlier investigations of the same …
  • … Huxley had returned from the Swiss Alps by 3 September 1857 (L.  Huxley ed. 1900, 1: 146). …
  • … See letter to T.  H. Huxley, 15 September [1857] . For Huxley’s response and CD’s further …
  • … remarks, see letter from T.  H. Huxley, [before 3 October 1857] , and letter to T.   …
  • … H. Huxley, 3 October [1857] . CD explained his views on classification in chapter 13 of …
  • … care was the common cockroach, Blatta orientalis ( T.  H. Huxley 1857 –8, pp.  230–1). …

From T. V. Wollaston   [12 April 1857]

Summary

Lists groups of insects absent from the Madeiran fauna.

Author:  Thomas Vernon Wollaston
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [12 Apr 1857]
Classmark:  DAR 181: 139
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2076

Matches: 11 hits

  • … From T.  V. Wollaston   [12 April 1857] …
  • … 139 Thomas Vernon Wollaston London, Hereford St, 10 [12 Apr 1857] Charles Robert Darwin …
  • … Dated by the heading ‘Easter Sunday’, which fell on 12 April in 1857, and by the …
  • … reference to Wollaston 1857 (see n.  4, below). Virgil , Eclogues , 7. 4: ‘Arcadians both, …
  • … insects of Madeira in the collection of the British Museum ( Wollaston 1857 ). The copy …
  • … 3, and Origin , pp.  135–6. See Punch, or the London Charivari , 11 April 1857, p.  147. …
  • … motion in the House of Commons in March 1857, condemning the declaration of war on China, …
  • … John van Voorst. Wollaston, Thomas Vernon. 1857. Catalogue of the coleopterous insects of …
  • … by the British Museum is dated October 1857 (Entomology department, British Museum ( …
  • … over 20,000 Coleoptera from Madeira ( Wollaston 1857 , p. xiv n. ). The British Museum had …
  • … Wollaston as a dung-eating beetle ( Wollaston 1857 , p.  82). He wrote: ‘I have dedicated …

To W. E. Darwin   [before 29 October 1857]

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Summary

Reports progress of work on the new rooms [at Down].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Erasmus Darwin
Date:  [before 29 Oct 1857]
Classmark:  DAR 210.6: 18
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2135

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To W.  E. Darwin   [before 29 October 1857] …
  • … DAR 210.6: 18 Charles Robert Darwin Down [before 29 Oct 1857] William Erasmus Darwin …
  • … in the letter to William Darwin, 29 [October 1857] . CD was having a new dining-room and …
  • … added to Down House (see the letters to William Darwin , 29 [October 1857], and to W.   …
  • … D. Fox, 30 October [1857]). In 1858, however, the new downstairs room was put to use as a …

To J. S. Henslow   14 October [1857]

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Summary

JSH’s Myosotis is beginning to sport. Asks whether some features are not odd.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  John Stevens Henslow
Date:  14 Oct [1857]
Classmark:  DAR 93: A119
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2153

Matches: 4 hits

  • … To J.  S. Henslow   14 October [1857] …
  • … DAR 93: A119 Charles Robert Darwin Down 14 Oct [1857] John Stevens Henslow …
  • … to the letter to J.  S. Henslow, 18 October [1857] . CD’s observations are recorded in his …
  • … 31 (DAR 157a) in an entry dated 14 October 1857. It is not clear to which set of Myosotis …

To Gardeners’ Chronicle   [after 28 February 1857]

Summary

Reports that he fertilised a single pale red carnation with the pollen of a crimson Spanish pink, and a Spanish pink with the pollen of the same carnation. He got seed from both crosses and raised many seedlings. There was no difference between the seedlings from reciprocal crosses, not one plant set a single seed.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Gardeners’ Chronicle
Date:  [after 28 Feb 1857]
Classmark:  Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 7 March 1857, p. 155
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2061

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To Gardeners’ Chronicle    [after 28 February 1857] …
  • … Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette , 7 March 1857, p. 155 …
  • … Charles Robert Darwin Down [after 28 Feb 1857] Gardeners’ Chronicle …
  • … to an item published in the Gardeners’ Chronicle , 28 February 1857, p.  132 (see n.   …
  • … 2, below). Gardeners’ Chronicle , 28 February 1857, p.  132, described two hybrid Dianthus …

To W. B. Tegetmeier   23 June [1857]

Summary

CD anxious to examine rumpless chick 24 hours before hatching.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Bernhard Tegetmeier
Date:  23 June [1857]
Classmark:  Archives of the New York Botanical Garden (Charles Finney Cox Collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2110

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To W.  B. Tegetmeier   23 June [1857] …
  • … Cox Collection) Charles Robert Darwin Moor Park 23 June [1857] William Bernhard Tegetmeier …
  • … Park until 30 June. In his ‘Journal’ for 1857, CD recorded returning to Down from Moor …
  • … Letter to W.  B. Tegetmeier, [18 June 1857] . CD wished to know how early in development …
  • … organs became rudimentary (see letter to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 6 February [1857] ). …

To George Bentham   1 December [1857]

Summary

Thanks GB for his help on naturalised plants; comments on spreading of plants.

Wants to quote GB on the names of species and varieties of Silene on which C. F. von Gärtner experimented.

Thinks GB will be disappointed in his book [Natural selection]. "It will be grievously too hypothetical."

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  George Bentham
Date:  1 Dec [1857]
Classmark:  Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Bentham Correspondence, Vol. 3, Daintree–Dyer, 1830–1884, GEB/1/3: ff. 682–3)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2177

Matches: 7 hits

  • … To George Bentham   1 December [1857] …
  • … 1830–1884, GEB/1/3: ff. 682–3) Charles Robert Darwin Down 1 Dec [1857] George Bentham …
  • … The year is given by the reference to Bentham 1857 (see n.  3, below). …
  • … The letter has not been located. Bentham 1857 . See …
  • … letter to George Bentham, 15 December [1857] , and letter from George …
  • … Bentham, [16 or 17 December 1857] . The list is in DAR 160.1: 151/3. The results of Karl …
  • … See letter to George Bentham, 15 December [1857] . Bentham apparently supplied CD with …

To T. H. Huxley   16 December [1857]

Summary

THH’s catalogue [THH and R. Etheridge, A catalogue of the collection of fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology (1865), part published in 1857] best résumé he has seen of science of natural history. On classification he is not quite sure that he wholly goes along with THH. Encloses a few criticisms of THH’s preface.[enclosure survives as copy only].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Date:  16 Dec [1857]
Classmark:  Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Archives (Huxley 5: 151); DAR 145: 178
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2185

Matches: 8 hits

  • … To T.  H. Huxley   16 December [1857] …
  • … Huxley 5: 151); DAR 145: 178 Charles Robert Darwin Down 16 Dec [1857] Thomas Henry Huxley …
  • … of Practical Geology (1865), part published in 1857] best résumé he has seen of science of …
  • … see letter to J.  D. Hooker, 25 December [1857] ). The work, with Robert Etheridge as co- …
  • … CD had discussed classification in letters to T.  H. Huxley, 15 September [1857] , 26  …
  • … September [1857] , [before …
  • … 3 October 1857], and …
  • … 3  October [1857]. It is likely that the following comments on Huxley’s introduction, …

To George Bentham   15 December [1857]

Summary

For his studies on fertility of crosses, asks GB to mark a list of pairs of Cucubalus as to whether they are varieties of the same species, or distinct species.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  George Bentham
Date:  15 Dec [1857]
Classmark:  Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Bentham Correspondence, Vol. 3, Daintree–Dyer, 1830–1884, GEB/1/3: f. 681
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2184

Matches: 6 hits

  • … To George Bentham   15 December [1857] …
  • … Dyer, 1830–1884, GEB/1/3: f. 681 Charles Robert Darwin Down 15 Dec [1857] George Bentham …
  • … Dated by the relationship to the letter to George Bentham, 1 December [1857] . See …
  • … letter to George Bentham, 1 December [1857] , and letter from J.   …
  • … D. Hooker, [6 December 1857] . The list is in DAR 160.1: 151/1. …
  • … from George Bentham, [16 or 17 December 1857] . In a discussion of the difficulty of using …

To Robert Patterson   12 November [1857]

Summary

The [Irish] rabbits arrived safely. "They shall be skeletonized." CD now has rabbits from Shetland, Madeira and Ireland; hopes to receive one from Jamaica.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Robert Patterson
Date:  12 Nov [1857]
Classmark:  W. E. Praeger 1935, p. 714
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2168

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To Robert Patterson   12 November [1857] …
  • … W. E. Praeger 1935 , p. 714 Charles Robert Darwin Down 12 Nov [1857] Robert Patterson …
  • … is confirmed by the relationship to the letter to Robert Patterson, 10 March [1857] . In …
  • … his letter to Robert Patterson, 10 March [1857] , CD had asked for a specimen of the Irish …
  • … Down, Bromley, Kent Nov. 12 [1857] My dear Mr. Patterson The rabbits arrived safely last …

To P. H. Gosse   27 April [1857]

Summary

Asks PHG to conduct an experiment to see if young littoral molluscs will cling to a duck’s foot – CD seeks to explain distribution of molluscs without adopting E. Forbes’s [continental extension] theory.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Philip Henry Gosse
Date:  27 Apr [1857]
Classmark:  Leeds University Library Special Collections (Brotherton Collection: Gosse Correspondence)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2082

Matches: 6 hits

  • … To P.  H. Gosse   27 April [1857] …
  • … Gosse Correspondence) Charles Robert Darwin Moor Park 27 Apr [1857] Philip Henry Gosse …
  • … 269). CD was at Moor Park, Surrey, from 22  April to 6 May 1857 (‘Journal’; Appendix II). …
  • … See letters from Richard Hill , 10 January 1857  and …
  • … 12 March 1857 . A reference to Horace, Satires , 1. 3. 107, in which women were deemed ‘ …
  • … T.  V. Wollaston the same question (see letter from T.  V. Wollaston, [12 April 1857] ). …

To Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von Mueller   8 December [1857]

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Summary

Asks whether British or north European perennial plants can, under cultivation, withstand the climate of S. Australia.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich (Ferdinand) von Mueller
Date:  8 Dec [1857]
Classmark:  DAR 92: A31–2
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2378

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Charles Moore, 11 August 1858 ). See also letter to J.  D. Hooker, 9 December [1857] . …
  • … To Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von Mueller   8 December [1857] …
  • … 92: A31–2 Charles Robert Darwin Down 8 Dec [1857] Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich (Ferdinand) von …
  • … the letter from J.  D. Hooker, [6 December 1857] . Mueller was the director of the botanic …

From H. C. Watson   14 December [1857]

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Summary

Will shortly return CD’s list of varieties of British plants. Discusses the situations in which different varieties of species are often found and the ranges of varieties relative to those of the species.

Author:  Hewett Cottrell Watson
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  14 Dec [1857]
Classmark:  DAR 98: A11–12
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2183

Matches: 6 hits

  • … From H.  C. Watson   14 December [1857] …
  • … DAR 98: A11–12 Hewett Cottrell Watson Thames Ditton 14 Dec [1857] Charles Robert Darwin …
  • … subsequent edition (Watson and Syme eds. 1857) ( Natural selection , p.  168). Although …
  • … letter from H.  C. Watson, 20 December [1857] . CD’s list of varieties extracted from the …
  • … letter from H.  C. Watson, 20 December [1857] . CD used Watson and Syme eds. 1853 for his …
  • … I wish your list had been taken from the 1857 edition of the London Catalogue. In answer …

To T. H. Huxley   3 October [1857]

Summary

Thinks naturalists look for something further than Cuvier’s view of classification. Poses a theoretical problem on the classification of the races of man to prove that a genealogical system is best.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Date:  3 Oct [1857]
Classmark:  Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Archives (Huxley 5: 139)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2150

Matches: 6 hits

  • … To T.  H. Huxley   3 October [1857] …
  • … Archives (Huxley 5: 139) Charles Robert Darwin Down 3 Oct [1857] Thomas Henry Huxley …
  • … earlier correspondence with Huxley (see letters to T.  H. Huxley, 15 September [1857] and …
  • … 26 September [1857] ). See letter from T.   …
  • … H. Huxley, [before 3 October 1857] , which was a reply to CD’s letter to T.   …
  • … H. Huxley, 26 September [1857] . In Origin , CD included a long section on embryology, …

To Gardeners’ Chronicle   [before 25 July 1857]

Summary

CD has saved an enormous amount of labour since he replaced the chain on his deep well with wire rope. He now asks readers whether they have had experience of saving on the weight of the bucket by using some material other than oak.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Gardeners’ Chronicle
Date:  [before 25 July 1857]
Classmark:  Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, 25 July 1857, p. 518
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2127

Matches: 4 hits

  • … To Gardeners’ Chronicle    [before 25 July 1857] …
  • … Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette , 25 July 1857, p. 518 …
  • … Charles Robert Darwin unstated [before 25 July 1857] Gardeners’ Chronicle …
  • … found. It was published in the 25 July 1857 issue of Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural …

To W. B. Tegetmeier   12 [May 1857]

Summary

Accepts a dozen eggs of rumpless Polands. Having so many enables him to see whether the breed "comes true".

Asks what colour turbits have dark tails – "it is just the class of facts which interest me".

Do fowls when crossed throw odd and unexpected colours like pigeons?

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Bernhard Tegetmeier
Date:  12 [May 1857]
Classmark:  Archives of the New York Botanical Garden (Charles Finney Cox Collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2090

Matches: 9 hits

  • … To W.  B. Tegetmeier   12 [May 1857] …
  • … Cox Collection) Charles Robert Darwin Down 12 [May 1857] William Bernhard Tegetmeier …
  • … the letter to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 18 May [1857] , which it precedes, and by CD’s reference …
  • … CD returned to Down from Moor Park on 6 May 1857 (‘Journal’; Appendix II). Tegetmeier had …
  • … to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 11 February [1857] ). CD was collecting specimens of the young of …
  • … ed. 1856–7, issued in parts. Dixon 1848 . See letter to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 18 May [1857] . …
  • … of the typical characters of each. See letters to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 23 June [1857] and [ …
  • … 19 July 1857] . CD found that the rumpless Polish fowl did not breed true. CD had sent …
  • … See letter to W.  B. Tegetmeier, 18 May [1857] . James Brooke , raja of Saráwak, had sent …

To J. D. Hooker   15 March [1857]

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Summary

Separation of sexes in trees [U. S.].

Do plants offer positive evidence for "continuous land" theory?

Protean genera.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:  15 Mar [1857]
Classmark:  DAR 114: 193
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2066

Matches: 7 hits

  • … To J.  D. Hooker   15 March [1857] …
  • … DAR 114: 193 Charles Robert Darwin Down 15 Mar [1857] Joseph Dalton Hooker …
  • … below). Letter from Asa Gray, 16 February 1857 . CD had sent Watson the last page of Asa …
  • … of protean genera. See letter from H.  C. Watson, 10 March 1857  and letter from H.  C. …
  • … Watson to Asa Gray, 13 March 1857 . See letter from J.  D. Hooker, 7 December 1856 . CD …
  • … those of New Zealand. ’ ( J.  D. Hooker 1857 , p.  126). Hooker found this difficult to …
  • … letter to J.  D. Hooker, [after 20 January 1857] ). CD summarised the botanical relations …

To W. E. Darwin   [before 11 September 1857]

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Summary

Writes of the extension to Down House.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Erasmus Darwin
Date:  [before 11 Sept 1857]
Classmark:  DAR 210.6: 17
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-1619

Matches: 6 hits

  • … To W.  E. Darwin   [before 11 September 1857] …
  • … DAR 210.6: 17 Charles Robert Darwin Down [before 11 Sept 1857] William Erasmus Darwin …
  • … MS), there is an entry on 6 September 1857 for ‘Laslett Repairs’ and one on 10 September …
  • … see letter to W.  D. Fox, 30 October [1857] ). Leonard Darwin , then aged 7, was known in …
  • … book (Down House MS) beginning in July 1857 for expenditures on photographic equipment for …
  • … Emma Darwin’s cousin, died in London on 11  September 1857. In CD’s Account book ( …

To J. D. Hooker   22 August [1857]

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Summary

Tabulation of varieties goes on; very important as it shows the branching of forms. Mentions his principle of divergence.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:  22 Aug [1857]
Classmark:  DAR 114: 208
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-2134

Matches: 8 hits

  • … To J.  D. Hooker   22 August [1857] …
  • … DAR 114: 208 Charles Robert Darwin Down 22 Aug [1857] Joseph Dalton Hooker …
  • … see letter to John Lubbock, 12 [August 1857] ). The Swedish botanist Nils Johan Andersson …
  • … at Kew (see letter to J.  D. Hooker, 11 September [1857] ). For CD’s interest in the dun- …
  • … coloured ponies of Norway, see letter to Gardeners’ Chronicle , [before 13 June 1857]. …
  • … Elizabeth Hooker was born on 10 August 1857. Hermann Rudolph Alfred Schlagintweit and his …
  • … from Robert Schlagintweit, 25 September 1857 . CD had asked Walter Elliot , a member of …
  • … second consignment was recorded on 6 September 1857 in CD’s Account book (Down House MS). …

To [W. W. Baxter?]   [after June 1857]

Summary

Requests a quart of distilled water for photography to be sent in a clean bottle via the postman on the following day.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  William Walmisley Baxter
Date:  [after June 1857]
Classmark:  Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation (Archives, Autograph Letters and Manuscripts Collection)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-13889F

Matches: 5 hits

  • … To [W. W. Baxter? ]   [after June 1857] …
  • … Collection) Charles Robert Darwin Down [after June 1857] William Walmisley Baxter …
  • … From 1857, W. W. Baxter of Bromley was CD’s regular chemist. The date is established from …
  • … Down House MS). CD spent £9 5 s . on ‘Photography’ on 23 July 1857, and £2 15 s . …
  • … Photography for William’ on 28 December 1857. (These particular payments were unlikely to …
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Six things Darwin never said – and one he did

Summary

Spot the fakes! Darwin is often quoted – and as often misquoted. Here are some sayings regularly attributed to Darwin that never flowed from his pen.

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Spot the fakes! Darwin is often quoted – and as often misquoted. Here are some sayings regularly …

Darwin in letters, 1856-1857: the 'Big Book'

Summary

In May 1856, Darwin began writing up his 'species sketch’ in earnest. During this period, his working life was completely dominated by the preparation of his 'Big Book', which was to be called Natural selection. Using letters are the main…

Matches: 11 hits

  • … of information about his preoccupations during 1856 and 1857. They reveal little noticed aspects of …
  • … as ever I can.’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 8 February [1857] ). Darwin also attempted to test …
  • … the alpine plants pretty effectually’ complained Darwin in 1857 ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [2 May …
  • … of calculation was wrong ( letter to John Lubbock, 14 July [1857] ). Darwin thought his results …
  • … experiments on plants through the summers of 1856 and 1857, particularly with garden vegetables like …
  • … Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette  in October 1857, to be followed by a second notice in 1858. …
  • … find the work: am I not a kind Father?’ Darwin wrote in 1857, soon followed by the complaint ‘You …
  • … to end!’ (letters to W. E. Darwin, [17 February 1857] and 21 [July 1857] ). The problem of …
  • … of his manuscript ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 1 May 1857 ) seem innocuous and hardly the veiled …
  • … are all vividly displayed in Darwin's letters. By the end of 1857, Darwin was well on the way …
  • … long letter to Asa Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 5 September [1857] ). From this letter it is evident …

Darwin and Down

Summary

Charles and Emma Darwin, with their first two children, settled at Down House in the village of Down (later ‘Downe’) in Kent, as a young family in 1842.   The house came with eighteen acres of land, and a fifteen acre meadow.  The village combined the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … was in Darwin’s day.  To J. D. Hooker,  3 June [1857] :  on the struggle for existence in …

Language: key letters

Summary

How and why language evolved bears on larger questions about the evolution of the human species, and the relationship between man and animals. Darwin presented his views on the development of human speech from animal sounds in The Descent of Man (1871),…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … 2070: Wedgwood, Hensleigh to Darwin, C. R., [before 29 Sept 1857] Darwin’s brother-in-law, …

Abstract of Darwin’s theory

Summary

There are two extant versions of the abstract of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. One was sent to Asa Gray on 5 September 1857, enclosed with a letter of the same date (see Correspondence vol. 6, letter to Asa Gray, 5 September [1857] and enclosure).…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … natural selection. One was sent to Asa Gray on 5 September 1857, enclosed with a letter of the same …
  • … to Prof. Asa Gray, Boston, U.S., dated Down, September 5th, 1857.” (Darwin and Wallace 1858, p. 50). …
  • … was sent to A. Gray 8 or 9 months ago, I think October 1857 [‘or perhaps’  del ]’. The printed …

Dramatisation script

Summary

Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the Origin of Species…’ FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH: 1857-1858 In which Gray and Hooker …
  • … JUNE 1855 20  C DARWIN TO A GRAY, 1 JANUARY 1857 21  A GRAY TO C DARWIN, …
  • … MARCH 1862 35  C DARWIN TO A GRAY, 1 JANUARY 1857 36  A GRAY TO C DARWIN …
  • … OCTOBER 1858 59 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, 12 OCTOBER 1857 60 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, …

The "wicked book": Origin at 157

Summary

Origin is 157 years old.  (Probably) the most famous book in science was published on 24 November 1859.  To celebrate we have uploaded hundreds of new images of letters, bringing the total number you can look at here to over 9000 representing more than…

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  • … ’s appearance, but there is a fascinating scrap from 1857 comparing his views on species to …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

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  • … a high compliment when he touched upon this matter in his 1857 lecture on cirripedes. In his praise …
  • … and not an anatomist ex professo .’ (T. H. Huxley 1857, p. 238 n.).    While Darwin’s …
  • … nos. 2118 and 2119, letter to T. H. Huxley, 5 July [1857] , and letter from T. H. Huxley, 7 …

What is an experiment?

Summary

Darwin is not usually regarded as an experimenter, but rather as an astute observer and a grand theorist. His early career seems to confirm this. He began with detailed note-taking, collecting and cataloguing on the Beagle, and edited a descriptive zoology…

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  • … observation’ ( letter to A. R. Wallace, 22 December 1857 ). Much of his research and many …
  • … little experiments’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [21 March 1857] ; letter to J. S. Henslow, 27 June …

Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I

Summary

Darwin encountered problems with the term ‘natural selection’ even before Origin appeared.  Everyone from the Harvard botanist Asa Gray to his own publisher came up with objections. Broadly these divided into concerns either that its meaning simply wasn’t…

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  • … written in 1842 , and, as he told Asa Gray in September 1857 , he intended to call the ‘ big …

Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species

Summary

Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s manuscript on species (DAR 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection). This manuscript, begun in May 1856, was nearly completed by…

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  • … Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s …
  • … 4 26 January 1857 Variation under nature (DAR 9; …
  • … 5 3 March 1857 The struggle for existence as bearing on …
  • … 6 31 March 1857 On natural selection (DAR 10.2; …
  • … 7 29 September 1857 Laws of variation: varieties & …
  • … 8 29 September 1857 Difficulties on the theory of …
  • … 9 29 December 1857 Hybridism (DAR 12; Natural …

The evolution of honeycomb

Summary

Honeycombs are natural engineering marvels, using the least possible amount of wax to provide the greatest amount of storage space, with the greatest possible structural stability. Darwin recognised that explaining the evolution of the honey-bee’s comb…

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  • … of other cells. (Letter from G. R. Waterhouse, 14 April 1857 .) In a later letter …

Darwin's bad days

Summary

Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and experimenting, even Darwin had some bad days. These times when nothing appeared to be going right are well illustrated by the following quotations from his letters:

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  • … Despite being a prolific worker who had many successes with his scientific theorising and …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

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  • … the Rock’ ( letter to E. W. V. Harcourt, 13 December [1857] ). In May 1857, Darwin wrote to …
  • … class with Lyell’ ( letter to William Sharpey, 22 May [1857] ). There are a few letters …

Scientific Networks

Summary

Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…

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  • … Letter 2125 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 20 July [1857] Darwin writes a challenging letter …
  • … of the ephippium”, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 147 (1857): 79–100]. Darwin and Müller …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

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  • … 2055  - Langton, E. to Darwin,  F., [21 February 1857] Darwin’s nephew, Edmund, …
  • … Letter 2069  - Tenant, J. to Darwin, [31 March 1857] James Tenant, keeper of the …

Alfred Russel Wallace

Summary

Wallace was a leading Victorian naturalist, with wide-ranging interests from biogeography and evolutionary theory to spiritualism and politics. He was born in 1823 in Usk, a small town in south-east Wales, and attended a grammar school in Hertford. At the…

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  • … and most famously, the problem of species change. In 1857, Darwin and Wallace exchanged …
  • … observations and theoretical abilities. In a letter of 1 May 1857, he alluded to his own unfinished …
  • … Science … may all your theories succeed” (22 December 1857). It may have been this shared interest …

Before Origin: the ‘big book’

Summary

Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…

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  • … ago’, he wrote to the American botanist Asa Gray in July 1857, it occurred to me that …
  • … staggered about the permanence of species.— By 1857, Darwin had found the confidence to …
  • … And this much acceleration I owe to you. ’ In February 1857, the rate of this acceleration was …
  • … the way facts fall into groups ’, he told Fox in February 1857. Trials of strength …
  • … in theory of the descent of species ’. In December 1857, Darwin had expressed his satisfaction that …
  • … there is no good & original observation ’. In 1857, Darwin recorded in his journal that …
  • … varieties differ from each other’, he told Wallace in May 1857, before stating ‘ I am now preparing …

The writing of "Origin"

Summary

From a quiet rural existence at Down in Kent, filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on the transmutation of species, Darwin was jolted into action in 1858 by the arrival of an unexpected letter (no longer extant) from Alfred Russel Wallace outlining a…

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  • … completed his ninth chapter, on hybridism, on 29 December 1857, Darwin began in January 1858 to …
  • … on variation under nature. Having learned in the summer of 1857 that his method for deriving …
  • … with an abstract of his views sent to Asa Gray in September 1857. The correspondence between Darwin, …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

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  • … 112 Jukes. “Students Manual of Geology” [Jukes 1857]— published a few years ago, good on …
  • … Lucas l’Heredite Naturelle [Lucas 1847–50] 1857 Nov. 15. Andersson Lake Gnami …
  • … Thackeray English Humourists [Thackeray 1853] 1857 Jan. Cockburn life of Selby [ …
  • … 1856]: H. Coverdale [Smedley [1854–6]: Quits [Tautphoeus] 1857] 29 Lutfullah. Life of …
  • … Marsh] 1858] Buckle History of Civilisation [Buckle 1857] Feb. 28 Sir J. Mackintosh …
  • … Oct. 22. Olmstead Journey through Texas [Olmsted 1857] Dec. Motley’s History of Dutch …
  • … 1853]— Aug.— Sherard Osborne’s Quedah [Osborn 1857] d[itt]o d[itt]o Arctic Journal …
  • … Harris 1842] Jukes Student Manual of Geology [Jukes 1857] Azara’s Quadrupeds [Azara …
  • … *119: 18v.; 119: 8a, 21a Buckle, Henry Thomas. 1857.  History of civilization in   …
  • … 21v., 22; 119: 19a Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. 1857.  The life of Charlotte   Brontë . …
  • … [Abstract in DAR 205.3: 138.]  119: 20a ——. 1857.  The student’s manual of geology. …
  • … [Other eds.]  *119: 15v. Livingstone, David. 1857.  Missionary travels and   researches …
  • … 3 vols. Vivay. [Other eds.]  *119: 22 Lutfullah. 1857.  Autobiography of Lutfullah: a …
  • … *119: 23; 128: 5 Napier, William Francis Patrick. 1857.  The life and opinions of General …
  • … of   Elgin’s mission to China and Japan in the years 1857, 1858,   1859 . 2 vols. Edinburgh and …
  • … on their economy . New York.  128: 25 ——. 1857.  A journey through Texas; or, a winter …
  • …  an Arctic journal\. London.  128: 25 ——. 1857.  Quedah; or, stray leaves from a journal …
  • … Rouvroy, Louis de, Duke de Saint-Simon Vermandois. 1857.  The memoirs of the Duke of Saint Simon on …
  • … [Other eds.]  *119: 1v.; 119: 12a Smiles, Samuel. 1857.  The life of George Stephenson, …
  • …  New York.  *128: 178 [Tautphoeus, Jemima von]. 1857.  Quits; a novel . 3 vols. London.  …
  • … . Edited by J. C. Morris. Madras. 1833–51. Second series, 1857–. [Abstract in DAR 74: 177.]  *119: …
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