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Darwin Correspondence Project
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To Athenæum   18 April [1863]

Summary

Attacks the doctrine of "heterogeny" (spontaneous generation during each geological period) as completely lacking in evidence.

Defends natural selection as connecting large classes of facts in natural history. That certain forms have not changed since remote epochs is not an objection of any force.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Athenæum
Date:  18 Apr [1863]
Classmark:  Athenæum, 25 April 1863, pp. 554–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4108

Matches: 5 hits

  • … Circular 26 (1863): 216). Carpenter 1850 . CD’s copies of the Philosophical Transactions …
  • … Society are in the Darwin Library–CUL; in them, Carpenter 1850  is lightly annotated. …
  • … Bibliography Carpenter, William Benjamin. 1850. On the mutual relations of the …
  • … vital and physical forces. [Read 20 June 1850. ] …
  • … Transactions of the Royal Society (1850): 727–57. Carpenter, William Benjamin. 1862. …

From J. B. Innes   17 December [1863]

Summary

Suggests a new school for CD’s son [Horace].

Author:  John Brodie Innes
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  17 Dec [1863]
Classmark:  DAR 167: 13
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4357

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Bibliography Blackie, John. 1976. Bradfield 1850–1975. Bradfield, Berkshire: Warden and …
  • … University Press. 1985–. Cresy, Edward. 1850. Public Health Act, 11 & 12 Vict. , cap. 63. …
  • … sanitary condition of Worthing ( Cresy 1850 ); Cresy was a surveyor and civil engineer, …

To J. D. Hooker   3 January [1863]

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Summary

Indignant over Owen’s conduct as described in Hugh Falconer’s article on elephants ["On the American fossil elephant of the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico", Nat. Hist. Rev. (1863): 43–114].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:  3 Jan [1863]
Classmark:  DAR 115: 178
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3898

Matches: 3 hits

  • … ancestors: palaeontology in Victorian London, 1850–1875. London: Blond & Briggs. Desmond, …
  • … the nature of particular fossils, in 1850 Owen attempted to reproduce without permission …
  • … Lyell’s Principles of geology ( C.  Lyell 1850 ), and of C.  Lyell 1851a and 1851b, Owen …

From Edward Cresy   27 April 1863

Summary

CD’s Linum paper [Collected papers 2: 93–105].

Sending up-to-date railway map of southern region.

Author:  Edward Cresy, Jr
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  27 Apr 1863
Classmark:  DAR 161: 241
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4130

Matches: 2 hits

  • … are to Robert William Mackay and Mackay 1850 . In Sanches 1988 , pp.  126–7 and 230, the …
  • … University Press. 1927–96. Mackay, Robert William. 1850. The progress of the intellect, as …

From Isaac Anderson-Henry   26–7 January 1863

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Summary

Has done extensive plant hybridisation: strawberry, raspberry, Rhododendron.

Author:  Isaac Anderson; Isaac Anderson Henry
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  26–7 Jan 1863
Classmark:  DAR 159: 61
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3948

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the following Mem under date “27 April 1850 & May 9 th ” Discovered that the Short stamens …
  • … but failed”. I find another Mem of May 1850 which refers to the cross in the article given …
  • … of March in the immediately previous year 1850—and I have noticed this in an article I …
  • … fully & sowed the ripened seeds on 18 June 1850 and had 4 young plants through on 10 Sept …

From Asa Gray   1 September 1863

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Summary

Sees difficulties in adhering to the concept of design in nature.

Is surprised at Hooker’s and Daniel Oliver’s ignorance regarding spontaneous movements of tendrils.

CD should continue his work on climbing plants, "it will be fruitful in your hands".

Author:  Asa Gray
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  1 Sept 1863
Classmark:  DAR 157.2: 108; DAR 165: 139, 140
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4288

Matches: 3 hits

  • … from an irritability excited by contact. ’ In 1850 he remarked that this view has had no …
  • … s reference to Mohl’s article appearing in 1850, and from the existence of an offprint of …
  • … trans.  1852). Gray visited Britain during 1850 and 1851 ( Dupree 1959 , pp.  190–3). …

From Robert Monsey Rolfe   [20 November 1863]

Summary

Sends annual cheque for Down parish charities.

Author:  Robert Monsey Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth of Cranworth
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [20 Nov 1863]
Classmark:  DAR 161.2: 230
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4316

Matches: 1 hit

  • … 1978 ). Rolfe was created Baron Cranworth in 1850; his country residence was a mile and a …

From J. D. Hooker   [1 or 3 November 1863]

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Summary

Anxious to see Haast’s letter.

JDH’s views on Poles and Franco-Prussian conflict.

Author:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [1 or 3] Nov 1863
Classmark:  DAR 101: 173–5
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4325

Matches: 3 hits

  • … London: John Murray. 1872. Trimmer, Joshua. 1850. Generalizations respecting the erratic …
  • … of Cromer cliffs. [Read 20 November 1850. ] Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of …
  • … cavities in the glacial drift (see Trimmer 1850 , p.  23). Hooker evidently attributed …

To J. D. Hooker   30 January [1863]

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Summary

Naudin has not answered CD’s letter.

Reactions of Candolle, Naudin, Decaisne, and Gaston de Saporta to Origin.

CD’s new hothouse.

CD’s Linum paper.

JDH’s work on Welwitschia.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Joseph Dalton Hooker
Date:  30 Jan [1863]
Classmark:  DAR 115: 180
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3953

Matches: 1 hit

  • … his expedition to the Himalayas from 1848 to 1850, Hooker made a number of geological …

From Edward Blyth   7 April 1863

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Summary

Has seen some curious hybrid ducks and geese of Bartlett’s. Bartlett will do experiments suggested by CD when he has time.

Author:  Edward Blyth
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  7 Apr 1863
Classmark:  DAR 160: 205
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4078

Matches: 1 hit

  • … of persons who have died since the year 1850. By Frederick Boase. 3 vols. and supplement ( …

From Ludolph Christian Treviranus   12 February 1863

Summary

Sends his paper ["Über Dichogamie nach C. C. Sprengel und Ch. Darwin", Bot. Ztg. (1863): 1–7, 9–16].

Author:  Ludolph Christian Treviranus
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  12 Feb 1863
Classmark:  DAR 178: 182
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3980

Matches: 1 hit

  • … of persons who have died since the year 1850. By Frederick Boase. 3 vols. and supplement ( …

To an editor   24 March [1863?]

Summary

Encloses a dialogue on species from a New Zealand newspaper [S. Butler’s First dialogue on evolution, from the Christchurch Press].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Unidentified
Date:  24 Mar [1863?]
Classmark:  Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4058

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Assembly. CD may refer to the formation in 1850 of the Canterbury Settlement (of which …

From Francis Boott   23 January 1863

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Summary

His son wants CD’s opinion about a cub supposed by Frank Buckland to be progeny of a lioness and mastiff.

Lyell working at last proofs [of Antiquity of man]; he is scornful of Owen.

Author:  Francis Boott
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  23 Jan 1863
Classmark:  DAR 160: 254
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3938

Matches: 1 hit

  • … ancestors: palaeontology in Victorian London, 1850–1875. London: Blond & Briggs. Rupke, …

From G. H. Darwin   [9–15 June 1863]

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Summary

Discusses some angles [relating to phyllotaxy].

The forthcoming school holidays.

Author:  George Howard Darwin
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  [9–15 June 1863]
Classmark:  DAR 210.2: 1
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4209

Matches: 1 hit

  • … of persons who have died since the year 1850. By Frederick Boase. 3 vols. and supplement ( …

To John Scott   25 [July 1863]

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Summary

Encourages JS to continue work on coloured primrose. No one has noticed this since Gärtner. CD will send his own data for JS’s use and will read MS when ready. Advises JS to repeat experiments if evidence is weak – for his reputation’s sake and for satisfaction at fully establishing a fact.

Treviranus made a slip of pen in writing of Primula longiflora as short-styled.

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  John Scott
Date:  25 [July 1863]
Classmark:  DAR 93: B45–6, B69
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4253

Matches: 1 hit

  • … H. 1978. Carl Friedrich von Gärtner (1772–1850): Familie, Leben, Werk: ein Beitrag zur …

From H. W. Bates   2 May [1863]

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Summary

His satisfaction at CD’s acceptance of book as well as total public acceptance. Murray has given him a £250 advance. His pleasure at Asa Gray’s words.

Next task will be to write on origin [of species] by segregation of local races.

Author:  Henry Walter Bates
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  2 May [1863]
Classmark:  DAR 160: 76
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4138

Matches: 1 hit

  • … together in South America from 1848 to 1850 ( Woodcock 1969 , pp.  32–3 and 67). Wallace’s …

To Thomas Henry Huxley   10 [January 1863]

Summary

CD overwhelmed by THH’s praise.

Agrees with his reservations about species theory but not wholly about sterility and gives his reasons for differing.

On Natural History Review, Hugh Falconer, and R. Owen.

Has written a review [Collected papers 2: 87–92] of H. W. Bates’s paper ["Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley", Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23 (1862): 495–566].

Author:  Charles Robert Darwin
Addressee:  Thomas Henry Huxley
Date:  10 [Jan 1863]
Classmark:  Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Archives (Huxley 5: 183)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3852

Matches: 1 hit

  • … palaeontology in Victorian London, 1850–1875. London: Blond & Briggs. Marginalia : Charles …

From Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox   [29 September 1863]

Summary

Thanks to WDF’s directions, Anne’s tombstone has been found.

CD improved, but recovery is slow. She describes treatment.

Encloses paper she and CD have written [see 4294, which was wrongly addressed by ED and had not reached WDF].

Author:  Emma Wedgwood; Emma Darwin
Addressee:  William Darwin Fox
Date:  [29 Sept 1863]
Classmark:  Christ’s College Library, Cambridge (Fox 141)
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4312

Matches: 1 hit

  • … 1851 ; Post Office directory of Birmingham 1850 and 1864). This individual has not been …

From Isaac Anderson-Henry   31 January 1863

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Summary

Thanks for CD’s experimental suggestions. Will count seeds of hybrid crosses.

Requests suggestions for Edinburgh Botanical Society expedition to British Columbia.

Author:  Isaac Anderson; Isaac Anderson Henry
Addressee:  Charles Robert Darwin
Date:  31 Jan 1863
Classmark:  DAR 159: 62
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-3958

Matches: 1 hit

  • … to British Columbia between the years 1850 and 1866, with remarks on the cultivation of …

From Joseph Wolstenholme to William Erasmus Darwin   [27 March 1863?]

Summary

Responds belatedly with advice about Cambridge colleges with particular reference to mathematics. Of the large ones Trinity stands out. Of the small ones Christ’s or possibly Caius.

Author:  Joseph Wolstenholme
Addressee:  William Erasmus Darwin
Date:  [27 Mar 1863?]
Classmark:  DAR 181: 140
Letter no:  DCP-LETT-4062F

Matches: 1 hit

  • … Cambridge, in 1846; he graduated BA in 1850 as third wrangler (that is, third in the …
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Syms Covington

Summary

When Charles Darwin embarked on the Beagle voyage in 1831, Syms Covington was ‘fiddler & boy to Poop-cabin’. Covington kept an illustrated journal of his observations and experiences on the voyage, noting wildlife, landscapes, buildings and people and,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Covington still assisted Darwin in his work:  in 1850 he sent a box of barnacles to London , some …

Have you read the one about....

Summary

... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some serious - but all letters you can read here.

Matches: 1 hits

  • … ... the atheistical cats, or the old fogies in Cambridge? We've suggested a few - some funny, some …

What is an experiment?

Summary

Darwin is not usually regarded as an experimenter, but rather as an astute observer and a grand theorist. His early career seems to confirm this. He began with detailed note-taking, collecting and cataloguing on the Beagle, and edited a descriptive zoology…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … the best observers’ ( letter to C. H. L. Woodd , 4 March 1850 ). He made the point more …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … occasions in his correspondence with Hooker. On 13 June [1850] , for example, Darwin wrote:    …

Darwin and Fatherhood

Summary

Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten children. It is often assumed that Darwin was an exceptional Victorian father. But how extraordinary was he? The Correspondence Project allows an unusually…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … state of indecision’ (Darwin to W. D. Fox,  10 October [1850] ) as he and Emma tried to choose …

Scientific Practice

Summary

Specialism|Experiment|Microscopes|Collecting|Theory Letter writing is often seen as a part of scientific communication, rather than as integral to knowledge making. This section shows how correspondence could help to shape the practice of science, from…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Letter 1370 — Darwin, C. R. to Covington, Syms, 23 Nov 1850 Darwin thanks Covington for the …
  • … Letter 1319 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 6 & 7 Apr 1850 Hooker thinks Darwin is “too …
  • … Letter 1339 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 13 June [1850] Darwin writes to Hooker on …

Darwin in letters, 1851-1855: Death of a daughter

Summary

The letters from these years reveal the main preoccupations of Darwin’s life with a new intensity. The period opens with a family tragedy in the death of Darwin’s oldest and favourite daughter, Anne, and it shows how, weary and mourning his dead child,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … when he first wrote out his species essay in full. In 1850, he had written to Hooker ( …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 26 hits

  • … Memoirs of Plumer Ward by Hon Phipps [E. Phipps 1850] L d . Harveys Memoirs [Hervey 1848] …
  • … & will lend me— Pickering Races of Man [Pickering 1850]. (has a good chapter). …
  • … Collins R.A. [Collins 1848] Phases of Faith [Newman 1850] Burnetts Hist. of own time …
  • … Miss. Fennimore Cooper. Rural Scenes in N.A [Cooper 1850] G. Cummings South African Huntsmans …
  • … Dana’s Geology. U.S. Expedition [J. D. Dana 1849] 1850 March Forbes Cystideæ & …
  • … [Harvey 1849] —— Agassiz Lake Superior [Agassiz 1850] Nov. Memoirs of Pal. Soc [ …
  • … 12. Sedgwicks Discourse on Study of Univers [Sedgwick 1850] 28 Steenstrup on …
  • … Feb. 3 d . Hutchinson on Dog-breaking [Hutchinson 1850] 27. Chambers. Sanatory Reform [Anon …
  • … 5. Collin’s Autobiography [?Collins 1848]. good 1850 . Jan 15 th  Lives of …
  • … March 16 th . Newman Phases of Faith [Newman 1850] excellent —— Lord Cloncurry Memoirs …
  • … 1846] May 20 G. Cumming S. African Hunter [Cumming 1850] goodish July 1 st . …
  • … Sept 12 th . B. Franklins life by Sparks [Sparks ed. 1850] very good Oct 3 Martineau …
  • … Podrome de Paleantologie stratigraphique [Orbigny 1850–2] 24 fr: 3. vols. The Vegetation of …
  • … Danicorum Mammalium Domesticorum by Prof. Benddz [Bendz 1850]— Plates very expensive Coll. of …
  • … Anat. der Wirbellosen Thiere. 1848 [K. T. E. von Siebold 1850].— [DAR *128: 180] …
  • … Botany, Horticulture, Floriculture and Natural Science ] (1850? 1851?) must positively  be read …
  • … to aid me on skeletons Knox Races of Mankind [R. Knox 1850] a curious Book. (Blyth). in …
  • …   of the Horticultural Society of London ]. Vol I. to V. (1850) VI & VII May 27 th . …
  • … [Agassiz 1835] —— 30 Bairds Entomostraca [Baird 1850] May 22 d . Madras Journal of …
  • … 1853. Jan. 27 th  Life of D r . Coombe [Combe 1850]. good Feb. 6. Letters of Ray …
  • … Histoire du Pommier, Poirier, Pêcher [Duval 1852, 1849, 1850] —— 27 th . Hist. Nat. Gen. de …
  • … Sept. 4. Nunn’s Shipwreck in the Favorite [Nunn 1850] —— 16 Pepys Diary. Vol 1. 2. 3 d …
  • … Facultes Interieurs des animaux invertebres [Macquart 1850]. —— 8 th  Gosse Naturalist …
  • … 1854] —— Johnston Physical Atlas [A. K. Johnston 1850]. March 28 th  Sebastian …
  • … [DAR 128: 13] Aug. 20 Weber der Taubenfreund 1850 [Weber 1850] Sept. 1 st . Puvis …
  • … [Veith 1856].— 3 d  Knox Races of Man.— 1850 [R. Knox 1850] 7. Willughby by Ray …

Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles

Summary

Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … side of É de B.’ (letter to Charles Lyell, 3 January 1850 ). Barnacles Over a …
  • … In the year between September 1849 and September 1850, Darwin’s Account Books (Down House MSS) …

Darwin and the Church

Summary

The story of Charles Darwin’s involvement with the church is one that is told far too rarely. It shows another side of the man who is more often remembered for his personal struggles with faith, or for his role in large-scale controversies over the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … (Moore 1985; letter to J. S. Henslow, 17 January [1850] and n. 6; and letter to J. B. Innes, …

Living and fossil cirripedia

Summary

Darwin published four volumes on barnacles, the crustacean sub-class Cirripedia, between 1851 and 1854, two on living species and two on fossil species. Written for a specialist audience, they are among the most challenging and least read of Darwin’s works…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … 1853 . Preparing for publication Until 1850, Darwin had probably expected the Ray …
  • … I have not yet thought’, Darwin told Bowerbank in January 1850, ‘ your mentioning the Palæont. Soc. …
  • … was accepted by the Palaeontographical Society by February 1850 , and in the end, Darwin was …
  • … many parcels I have no doubt they wd aid me’. By April 1850, he reported to Steenstrup that he had ‘ …
  • … and after requiring late changes by Sowerby in September 1850, told him, ‘ I hope to God I have now …
  • … the first fossil volume approached completion in September 1850, Darwin had reported on his progress …

Suggested reading

Summary

  Contemporary writing Anon., The English matron: A practical manual for young wives, (London, 1846). Anon., The English gentlewoman: A practical manual for young ladies on their entrance to society, (Third edition, London, 1846). Becker, L. E.…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … H. & Chalus, E. (eds.),  Women's history, Britain 1750 - 1850: An introduction , (Oxford, …
  • … fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class , 1780-1850 (London, 2002). Desmond, A., …
  • … Shoemaker, R. B.,  Gender in English society, 1650-1850: The emergence of separate spheres ? (1998 …

Scientific Networks

Summary

Friendship|Mentors|Class|Gender In its broadest sense, a scientific network is a set of connections between people, places, and things that channel the communication of knowledge, and that substantially determine both its intellectual form and content,…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Letter 1319 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 6 & 7 Apr 1850 Hooker apologises for the …
  • … Letter 1339 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 13 June [1850] Darwin writes to Hooker from his …

Barnacles

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Darwin and barnacles Darwin’s interest in Cirripedia, a class of marine arthropods, was first piqued by the discovery of an odd burrowing barnacle, which he later named “Mr. Arthrobalanus," while he was…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Letter 1370 —Darwin to Syms Covington, 23 Nov 1850 In this letter, Darwin thanks his …

People featured in the Dutch photograph album

Summary

Here is a list of people that appeared in the photograph album Darwin received for his birthday on 12 February 1877 from scientific admirers in the Netherlands. Many thanks to Hester Loeff for identifying and researching them. No. …

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Burghal School 27 Deventer 29 may 1850 Groningen 2 may 1908 …
  • … for Ladies   Leeuwarden 10 november 1850 Leeuwarden 28 …
  • … Technologist   Assen 17 october 1850 Delft     …
  • … of Natural History. 27 Leiden 2 may 1850 Middelburg 19 …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … myself on you’ ( letter to Wilhelm Dunker, 3 March [1850] ). In the mid-1850s, Darwin was …

People featured in the Dutch photograph album

Summary

List of people appearing in the photograph album Darwin received from scientific admirers in the Netherlands for his birthday on 12 February 1877. We are grateful to Hester Loeff for providing this list and for permission to make her research available.…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Burghal School 27 Deventer 29 May 1850 Groningen 2 May 1908 …
  • … for Ladies   Leeuwarden 10 November 1850 Leeuwarden 28 …
  • … Technologist   Assen 17 October 1850 Delft     …
  • … of Natural History. 27 Leiden 2 may 1850 Middelburg 19 …

1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph

Summary

< Back to Introduction This striking portrait of Darwin, dating from 1849, belonged to a series of about sixty lithographic portraits of naturalists and other scientists drawn by Thomas Herbert Maguire. They were successively commissioned over a…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Darwin’s Cambridge mentor – as its second (appointed in 1850). Henslow’s parish was only about …
  • … DCP-LETT-1283; 20 Nov. [1849], DCP-LETT-1272; 17 Jan. [1850], DCP-LETT-1293. Letters from Darwin to …

Leonard Darwin born

Summary

The Darwins' eighth child and fourth son, Leonard, is born

Matches: 1 hits

  • … The Darwins' eighth child and fourth son, Leonard, is born …

Darwin’s observations on his children

Summary

Charles Darwin’s observations on the development of his children, began the research that culminated in his book The Expression of the emotions in man and animals, published in 1872, and his article ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, published in Mind…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … 1847; Francis, born 16 August 1848; Leonard, born 15 January 1850; and Horace, born 18 May 1851. It …
  • … memoirs and reminiscences. [61] Leonard Darwin, born 1850. [62] Francis Darwin, born …
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