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The writing of "Origin"

Summary

From a quiet rural existence at Down in Kent, filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on the transmutation of species, Darwin was jolted into action in 1858 by the arrival of an unexpected letter (no longer extant) from Alfred Russel Wallace outlining a…

Matches: 21 hits

  • whole has infinitely exceeded my wildest hopes.— (letter to Charles Lyell25 [November
  • his ninth chapter, on hybridism, on 29 December 1857, Darwin began in January 1858 to prepare the
  • appropriate. The correspondence shows that at any one time Darwin was engaged in a number of
  • The chapter on instinct posed a number of problems for Darwin. ‘I find my chapter on Instinct very
  • celebrated as a classic example of divine design in nature. Darwin hypothesised that the instinct of
  • of construction as it took place in the hive. As with Darwins study of poultry and pigeons, many
  • founder and president of the Apiarian Society, provided Darwin with information and specimens. His
  • For assistance with mathematical measurements and geometry, Darwin called upon William Hallowes
  • as evidence for what actually occurred in nature (see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and  …
  • throwing away what you have seen,’ he told Hooker in his letter of 8 [June 1858] , ‘yet I have
  • his work was interrupted by the arrival of the now-famous letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, …
  • selection. Darwins shock and dismay is evident in the letter he subsequently wrote to Charles Lyell
  • Even his terms now stand as Heads of my Chapters.’ (letter to Charles Lyell, 18 [June 1858] ). …
  • the writing of thisabstractcontinued until March 1859; the resulting volume was published in
  • instinct the previous March. By the middle of March 1859, Darwin had finished the last
  • upon Lyell for advice (letter to Charles Lyell, 28 March [1859] ). Lyell suggested the firm of
  • plan of his book (see letter from Elwin to Murray, 3 May 1859 , and letter to John Murray, 6
  • the forthcoming book (letter to Charles Lyell, 30 March [1859] ). Darwin next considered calling
  • and varieties’ (letters to Charles Lyell, 28 March [1859] , and to John Murray, 10 September
  • Appendix II). Twice in 1858 and three times in 1859 he had gone to Moor Park in Surrey for a weeks
  • D. Hooker, 6 May 1859 ). Among the older scientists, only Leonard Horner gave his unqualified

Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin

Summary

The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…

Matches: 21 hits

  • The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwins life. From a quiet rural
  • he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace. This
  • and prompted the composition and publication, in November 1859, of Darwins major treatise  On the
  • …  exceeded my wildest hopes By the end of 1859, Darwins work was being discussed in
  • … ‘When I was in spirits’, he told Lyell at the end of 1859, ‘I sometimes fancied that my book w  d
  • has  infinitely  exceeded my wildest hopes.—’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 25 [November 1859] ). …
  • The 'big book' The year 1858 opened with Darwin hard at work preparing hisbig
  • his ninth chapter, on hybridism, on 29 December 1857, Darwin began in January 1858 to prepare the
  • appropriate. The correspondence shows that at any one time Darwin was engaged in a number of
  • to choose from the load of curious facts on record.—’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 31 January [1858] ). …
  • as evidence for what actually occurred in nature ( see letter to Asa Gray, 4 April [1858] , and  …
  • throwing away what you have seen,’ he told Hooker in his letter of 8 [June 1858] , ‘yet I have
  • his work was interrupted by the arrival of the now-famous letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, …
  • selection. Darwins shock and dismay is evident in the letter he subsequently wrote to Charles Lyell
  • Even his terms now stand as Heads of my Chapters.’ ( letter to Charles Lyell, 18 [June 1858] ). …
  • the writing of thisabstractcontinued until March 1859; the resulting volume was published in
  • Botanic Gardens at Kew (see Appendix VII). The year 1859 began auspiciously with Darwin
  • 1854) ( Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society  15 (1859): xxv). One of the most
  • theory. As he wrote in his introductory essay (Hooker 1859, p. ii): 'In the present Essay I
  • D. Hooker, 6 May 1859 ). Among the older scientists, only Leonard Horner gave his unqualified
  • illhealth revived as first Henrietta and then Elizabeth and Leonard suffered similar symptoms. With

Dramatisation script

Summary

Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007

Matches: 18 hits

  • Re: DesignAdaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and othersby Craig
  • as the creator of this dramatisation, and that of the Darwin Correspondence Project to be identified
  • correspondence or published writings of Asa Gray, Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Jane Loring
  • Actor 1Asa Gray Actor 2Charles Darwin Actor 3In the dress of a modern day
  • Agassiz, Adam Sedgwick, A Friend of John Stuart Mill, Emma Darwin, Horace Darwinand acts as a sort
  • the play unfolds and acting as a go-between between Gray and Darwin, and between the audience and
  • this, he sends out copies of his Review of the Life of Darwin. At this time in his life, Asa
  • friends in England, copies of hisReview of the Life of Darwin’… pencilling the address so that it
  • his University) and is much less his own man. A letter from England catches his attention
  • 11   My dear HookerWhat a remarkably nice and kind letter Dr A. Gray has sent me in answer to my
  • be of any the least use to you? If so I would copy itHis letter does strike me as most uncommonly
  • on the geographical distribution of the US plants; and if my letter caused you to do this some year
  • a brace of letters 25   I send enclosed [a letter for you from Asa Gray], received
  • might like to see it; please be sure [to] return it. If your letter is Botanical and has nothing
  • Atlantic. HOOKER:   28   Thanks for your letter and its enclosure from A. Gray which
  • should not be in conflict. A TREMENDOUS FURORE: 1859-1860 In which Darwin distributes
  • In which Gray, while continuing to provide stamps for Leonard Darwins collection, fails to be
  • 12 OCTOBER 1857 60 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, SUMMER 1859 61 A GRAY TO JD HOOKER, …

Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year

Summary

The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A…

Matches: 21 hits

  • 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working
  • dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwins son George dominated the second
  • and traveller Alexander von Humboldts 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt
  • be done by observation during prolonged intervals’ ( letter to D. T. Gardner, [ c . 27 August
  • pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles ( letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874] ).  Such
  • Andone looks backwards much more than forwards’ ( letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874] ). …
  • Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that
  • was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’  ( letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874] …
  • inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter ( letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October
  • by George Henry Lewes and Marian Evans (George Eliot), but Darwin excused himself, finding it too
  • in such rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874] …
  • that Mr Williams wasa cheat and an imposter’ ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874 ). …
  • his, ‘& that he was thus free to perform his antics’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 29 January [1874
  • Darwin had alloweda spirit séanceat his home ( letter from T. G. Appleton, 2 April 1874 ). …
  • edition, published in 1842 ( Correspondence  vol. 21, letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17
  • Hooker, and finally borrowed one from Charles Lyell ( letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January
  • in sympathy: ‘If anybody tries that on with my boy Leonard the old wolf will shew all the fangs he
  • … [1874] ). At the end of June, Darwins fourth son, Leonard, who had joined the Royal
  • son of the Astronomer Royal, George Biddell Airy, to help Leonard gain the commission ( …
  • took twelve weeks aboard the immigrant ship  Merope . Leonard joined a colourful collection of
  • son Francis married Amy Ruck, the sister of a friend of Leonard Darwins in the Royal Engineers, on

The Lyell–Lubbock dispute

Summary

In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in his book Prehistoric times, accused Lyell of plagiarism. The dispute caused great dismay among many of their mutual scientific friends, some of whom took immediate action…

Matches: 25 hits

  • of whom took immediate action to mediate a solution. Charles Darwin had close ties with both men and
  • …  In the concluding paragraphs of Origin , Darwin had predicted that arevolution in natural
  • but his views were generally derided. 1  In 1859, Lyell visited several sites in
  • that these were indeed implements of early humans (C. Lyell 1859). In September 1860 he visited
  • species such as the mammoth ( Correspondence vol. 8, letter to Charles Lyell, 4 May [1860] and n. …
  • Thomas Henry Huxley, Busk, and several other supporters of Darwin in editing the Natural History
  • in French, earlier reports written in Danish (Morlot 1859, Forchhammer et al. 18515); Lubbock
  • Galton.   In February 1863, Lubbock received a letter from Lyell, evidently in response
  • for their work in the Brixham cave explorations of 1858 and 1859. 5 Another controversy arose
  • aspects of the book. Throughout the first half of 1863, Darwin discussed the book in correspondence
  • spoke out publicly about any controversial aspect.  Darwins chief complaint about the book
  • he thought aboutthe derivation of Species’. 8 Darwin continued to feel aggrieved about
  • transmutation; he also wrote to Lyell telling him about the letter to the Athenæum . 9
  • accusation, which had just appeared in the Athenæum . Darwin had not advised Falconer personally, …
  • 1863b, p. 213).  In May 1864, Lubbock received a letter from Falconer, who reiterated his
  • and went on to say that he intended to make a copy of his letter to show to friends. 18 In
  • wrote to Darwin to ask what he thought of the affair ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [2 June 1865] ). …
  • he reiterated his admiration for Lubbocks book ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [4 June 1865] ). A week
  • its appearance in print; first in French, dated Berne, Sept. 1859, in theMémoires de la Société …
  • zoologist M. Claparède had also conversed with me in 1859 on the researches of the best Danish
  • gave me an abstract for my use, in a letter dated December 1859. He referred me chiefly toOversigt
  • and Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate. Lyell, Charles. 1859. On the occurrence of works of
  • vols. London: John Murray. Morlot, Charles Adolphe. 1859. Etudes géologico-archéologiques en
  • and London: University of Chicago Press. Wilson, Leonard Gilchrist. 1996a. Brixham Cave and
  • Archives of Natural History  23: 7997. Wilson, Leonard Gilchrist. 2002. A scientific libel: …

Dining at Down House

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Dining, Digestion, and Darwin's Domestic Life While Darwin is best remembered for his scientific accomplishments, he greatly valued and was strongly influenced by his domestic life. Darwin's…

Matches: 13 hits

  • Questions | Experiment Dining, Digestion, and Darwin's Domestic Life
  • chance for what share of happiness this world affords." ( Darwin to H.W. Bates , 26
  • and they partook in his scientific endeavours. One of Darwin's defining characteristics
  • through his correspondence. Letters written to and from Darwin, as well as those exchanged between
  • provides into the bright and engaging personalities of the Darwin children and of family life in the
  • SOURCES Book Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species . 1859. London: John
  • difficulties of traveling on horseback while ill. Letter 465Emma Wedgwood (Emma Darwin
  • making himself agreeablefor her sake. Letter 3626Emma Darwin to T. G. Appleton, 28
  • to thank Appleton for gifts sent from America. Letter 3597Darwin to Joseph Dalton
  • to Henrietta Darwin, [5 September 1868] In this chatty letter to her daughter Henrietta, who
  • typical nineteenth-century luncheon fare. Letter 8296Darwin to Francis Galton, 21
  • and isabsolutely gloating over puddings”. Leonard Darwin to George Darwin, 8 February
  • his letters. They were particularly intrigued by this letter written from Emma to Charles before

Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments

Summary

1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…

Matches: 22 hits

  • indicates, 1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his
  • promotion of his theory of natural selection also continued: Darwins own works expanded on it, …
  • but really I do think you have a good right to be so’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [15 and] 20
  • a keen interest in the progress of his views through Europe, Darwin negotiated, in addition to a
  • the family over the summer. But towards the end of the year, Darwin was able once more to turn his
  • of the Scottish press hissed). Huxley, while advocating Darwins theory, had again espoused the view
  • experimental production of newphysiologicalspecies. Darwin attempted to dissuade him from this
  • partially sterile together. He failed. Huxley replied ( letter from T. H. Huxley, 20 January 1862
  • delivered a series of lectures to working men that reviewed Darwins theory, and sent copies to
  • about the vars. of Tobacco.' At the end of the year, Darwin seemed resigned to their
  • common man This correspondence with Huxley made Darwin keener than ever to repeat the
  • began writing long, intelligent, and informative letters, Darwin, impressed, gave him the commission
  • Towards the end of the year, he wrote to Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 12 [December 1862] ): …
  • and added, ‘new cases are tumbling in almost daily’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 22 January [1862] ). In
  • hopeful, became increasingly frustrated, telling Hooker ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 March [1862] ) …
  • on the problem: ‘the labour is great’, he told Gray ( letter to Asa Gray, 1020 June [1862] ), ‘I
  • resulted from hisenormous  labour over them’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 [October 1862] ; …
  • Oliver: ‘I can see at least 3 classes of dimorphism’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 12 [April 1862] ), …
  • result once out of four or five sets of experiments’ ( letter to M. T. Masters, 24 July [1862] ). …
  • midst of a crisis much closer to home and heart. Their son Leonard was seriously ill. He had been
  • holiday in Bournemouth, setting off in mid-August. However, Leonard had a relapse and Emma caught
  • 24 February [1862] ) and with some cause. Not only was Leonard seriously ill in 1862, but Horace

3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2

Summary

< Back to Introduction Despite the difficulties that arose in relation to Maull and Polyblank’s first photograph of Darwin, another one was produced, this time showing him in three-quarter view. It was evidently not taken at the same session as the…

Matches: 16 hits

  • in relation to Maull and Polyblanks first photograph of Darwin, another one was produced, this time
  • this second photograph is not precisely dated. An entry in Darwins account book for February 1858
  • be dated to a few years later. It may be the photograph that Darwin was promising to order and post
  • had given him such anatrociously wickedexpression. Darwin also wrote to Asa Gray in April 1861: …
  • commercially produced, not the one taken by his son William Darwin at that time, which he mentions
  • than Maull and Polyblank are known to have been employed by Darwin before the second half of the
  • It must have been available before April or May 1862, when Darwins brother Erasmus solicited some
  • Other early sources support an approximate dating of late 1859 or 1860. During the period when the
  • version of the image: one readsoriginal taken about 1859’, and the other (in a different hand, …
  • that followed the publication of Origin in late November 1859. In his letter of spring 1862, …
  • and Polyblank, rather than just a supply of prints to the Darwin family for presentation to selected
  • to volume 1 of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887), edited by Francis Darwin (with a
  • of the portrayals of DarwinExhibited by William E. and Leonard Darwinat the First
  • he expressed with it (if correctly identified) in his 1861 letter to Gray was shared by many readers
  • print 
 references and bibliography Letter from Darwin to Hooker, 17 Dec. [1860], DCP-LETT
  • … ‘List of Exhibits . . . Exhibited by William E. and Leonard Darwin’, First International Eugenics

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 23 hits

  • In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished
  • used these notebooks extensively in dating and annotating Darwins letters; the full transcript
  • … *128). For clarity, the transcript does not record Darwins alterations. The spelling and
  • book had been consulted. Those cases where it appears that Darwin made a genuine deletion have been
  • a few instances, primarily in theBooks Readsections, Darwin recorded that a work had been
  • of the books listed in the other two notebooks. Sometimes Darwin recorded that an abstract of the
  • own. Soon after beginning his first reading notebook, Darwin began to separate the scientific
  • … [Reimarius 1760] The Highlands &amp; Western Isl ds  letter to Sir W Scott [MacCulloch 1824
  • 183440]: In Portfolio ofabstracts34  —letter from Skuckard of books on Silk Worm
  • M rs  Frys Life [Fry 1847] Horace Walpoles letter to C t . of Ossory [Walpole 1848] …
  • Asiatic Society ]—contains very little Macleays letter to D r  Fleming [Macleay 1830] …
  • … [Heer 1854].— Hooker has it.— Very important Hookers letter Jan. 1859 Yules Ava [Yule 1858] …
  • The Dog in health &amp; Disease by StonehengeLongman 1859 [Stonehenge 1859].— on ToyDogs
  • … [Combe 1828] Macclintocks Arctic Voyage [Macclintock 1859] [DAR *128: 153] …
  • … [G. Bennett 1860] Read 114 Village Bells [Manning] 1859] } Fanny The Woman in White
  • Republic [Motley 1855] [DAR 128: 24] 1859 Pagets Lectures on Pathology
  • of the material from these portfolios is in DAR 205, the letter from William Edward Shuckard to
  • … ( Notebooks , pp. 31928). 55  The letter was addressed to Nicholas Aylward Vigors
  • to William Jackson Hooker. See  Correspondence  vol. 3, letter to J. D. Hooker, [5 or 12 November
  • eds.] [Abstract in DAR 91: 13.]  119: 9b Horner, Leonard, ed. 1843Memoirs and
  • …   conflict . 3 vols. London128: 25 Jenyns, Leonard. 1838. Further remarks on the
  • dit jardin.  Augsbourg128: 16 [Knapp, John Leonard]. 1829Journal of a   …
  • waters.  Philadelphia128: 8 Staunton, George Leonard. 1797An authentic account of

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of  Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 28 hits

  • At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of  …
  • appeared at the end of 1866 and had told his cousin William Darwin Fox, ‘My work will have to stop a
  • … &amp; I am sick of correcting’ ( Correspondence  vol. 16, letter to W. D. Fox, 12 December [1868
  • Well it is a beginning, &amp; that is something’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869] ). …
  • material on emotional expression. Yet the scope of Darwins interests remained extremely broad, and
  • plants, and earthworms, subjects that had exercised Darwin for decades, and that would continue to
  • Carl von  Nägeli and perfectibility Darwins most substantial addition to  Origin  was a
  • a Swiss botanist and professor at Munich (Nägeli 1865). Darwin had considered Nägelis paper
  • principal engine of change in the development of species. Darwin correctly assessed Nägelis theory
  • in most morphological features (Nägeli 1865, p. 29). Darwin sent a manuscript of his response (now
  • made any blunders, as is very likely to be the case’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 January 1869 ). …
  • are &amp; must be morphological’. The comment highlights Darwins apparent confusion about Nägelis
  • … ‘purely morphological’. The modern reader may well share Darwins uncertainty, but Nägeli evidently
  • pp. 289). In further letters, Hooker tried to provide Darwin with botanical examples he could use
  • problems of heredity Another important criticism that Darwin sought to address in the fifth
  • prevailing theory of blending inheritance that Jenkin and Darwin both shared, would tend to be lost
  • than I now see is possible or probable’ (see also letter to A. R. Wallace, 22 January [1869] , …
  • is strengthened by the facts in distribution’ ( letter to James Croll, 31 January [1869] ). Darwin
  • tropical species using Crolls theory. In the same letter to Croll, Darwin had expressed
  • a very long period  before  the Cambrian formation’ ( letter to James Croll31 January [1869] …
  • data to go by, but dont think we have got that yet’ ( letter from James Croll, 4 February 1869 ). …
  • I d  have been less deferential towards [Thomson]’ ( letter to T. H. Huxley, 19 March [1869] ). …
  • completed revisions of theeverlasting old Origin’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 1 June [1869] ), he was
  • him however in his researches I would willingly do so’ ( letter from Robert Elliot to George
  • with his noisy courting of the female in the garden ( letter from Frederick Smith, 8 October 1869
  • doubted her ability to recognise the different varieties ( letter to W. B. Tegetmeier, 25 February
  • weary of everlasting males &amp; females, cocks &amp; hens.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 13 November
  • grandfather, Erasmus, to two of Darwins sons (George and Leonard), who had recently excelled in

Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments

Summary

The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…

Matches: 24 hits

  • In 1865, the chief work on Charles Darwins mind was the writing of  The variation of animals and
  • letters on climbing plants to make another paper. Darwin also submitted a manuscript of his
  • protégé, John Scott, who was now working in India. Darwins transmutation theory continued to
  • Argyll, appeared in the religious weeklyGood Words . Darwin received news of an exchange of
  • Butler, and, according to Butler, the bishop of Wellington. Darwins theory was discussed at an
  • in the  GardenersChronicleAt the end of the year, Darwin was elected an honorary member of
  • year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend of
  • in August. There was also a serious dispute between two of Darwins friends, John Lubbock and
  • having all the Boys at home: they make the house jolly’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] …
  • had failed to include among the grounds of the award ( see letter from Hugh Falconer to Erasmus
  • his letters to Darwin, and Darwin responded warmly: ‘Your letter is by far the grandest eulogium
  • may well rest content that I have not laboured in vain’ ( letter to Hugh Falconer, 6 January [1865] …
  • always a most kind friend to me. So the world goes.—’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 2 February [1865] …
  • for our griefs &amp; pains: these alone are unalloyed’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 3 February 1865
  • gas.— Sic transit gloria mundi, with a vengeance’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 9 February [1865] ). …
  • added, ‘I know it is folly &amp; nonsense to try anyone’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 7 January [1865] …
  • ineffective, and Darwin had given it up by early July ( see letter to J. D. Hooker, [10 July 1865] …
  • of anything, &amp; that almost exclusively bread &amp; meat’ ( letter to Asa Gray, 15 August [1865] …
  • better, attributing the improvement to Joness diet ( see letter to T. H. Huxley, 4 October [1865] …
  • he wasable to write about an hour on most days’ ( letter to J. D. Hooker, 22 December [1865] ). …
  • others very forward, except the last &amp; concluding one’ ( letter to John Murray, 31 March [1865] …
  • my book will be ready for the press in the autumn’ ( letter to John Murray, 4 April [1865] ). In
  • letter from Edward Cresy, 10 September 1865 ). Francis and Leonard were still at school in Clapham, …
  • been sent the proof