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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Fritz Müller1   10 October 1865

Desterro, Brazil,

10. October 1865.

Verehrter Herr!

Gestern empfing ich Ihren freundlichen Brief vom 10. August2 und fühle mich sehr geschmeichelt durch das Interesse, welches Sie an meinem kleinen Buch über Arten genommen haben;3 ich fühle mich reich belohnt, wenn es Ihnen einiges Vergnügen gemacht hat. Ich danke Ihnen herzlich, dass Sie mir Ihre Photographie gesandt haben,4 ich bin sehr glücklich, sie zu besitzen, und hoffe bald im Stande zu sein, Ihnen die meinige zu senden; zur Zeit habe ich keine. Ich nehme mit Dank Ihr Anerbieten an, dass Sie mir Ihr Werk über Orchideen senden wollen, ich würde es sehr gerne lesen; da Bücher immer etwas von ihrem Interesse durch Uebersetzung verlieren, so würde ich die englische Ausgabe der deutschen vorziehen.5 Als Ihr Brief ankam, schrieb ich grade die letzten Zeilen einer kleinen Abhandlung über das Holz von Kletterpflanzen. In der Voraussetzung, dass es Sie etwas interessieren wird, lege ich die Abhandlung diesem Briefe bei.6 Wenn Sie davon Gebrauch gemacht haben, so schicken Sie sie bitte an Prof. Max Schultze von der Universität Bonn, oder wenn Sie einen Uebersetzer haben, könnte die Arbeit vielleicht in einer englischen Zeitschrift veröffentlich werden.7 Prof. Max Schultze wird Ihnen seiner Zeit eine kleine Abhandlung über eine bermerkenswerthe Spongie schicken, welche in seinem Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie veröffentlich wird.8 Als ich im vergangenen Jahre anfing, die Spongien unserer Küste zu studiren, begegnete ich grossen Schwierigkeiten bei der Anwendung Ihrer Theorie auf jene Klasse. Es giebt, wie Sie wissen, kalkige spiculae bei manchen Spongien und kieselige bei anderen; ihre Formen sind bisweilen so ähnlich, dass man kaum vermuthen konnte, sie seien unabhängig von einander entstanden; aber auf der andern Seite schien es sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass sich kieselige spiculae schrittweise sollten in kalkige umgewandelt haben oder umgekehrt. Am wahrscheinlichsten schien mir die Annahme, dass beide sich herleiteten von einer Urform der spiculae, welche aus organischer Substanz gebildet waren und sich später bei einigen der Nachkommen mit kalkiger Substanz, bei anderen mit kieseliger inkrustirten. In dieser Ansicht wurde ich bestärkt durch die Entdeckung der in meiner Abhandlung beschriebenen Art, welche sehr schöne hornige spiculae von beträchtlicher Grösse hat....9 [missing text]10

… Meine Kinder hatten eine einzelne Pflanze von Linum usitatissimum gezogen, und bei dieser bemerkte meine Tochter Rosa,11 dass die Spitze des Stengels, welche vor dem Oeffnen der Blüthen etwas geneigt war, eine eigene revolutirende Bewegung hatte, welche der Sonne folgte, oder, da wir hier auf der südlichen Halbkugel leben, derjenigen der Uhrzeiger entgegengesetzt war.12 Ich habe die Thatsache bestätigt gefunden und gesehen, dass ein Umlauf in ungefähr acht Stunden vollendet wurde; die Bewegung war ziemlich unregelmässig; bisweilen hielt sie eine Stunde lang still, dann wieder war sie so schnell, dass sie bei Innehaltung dieses Zeitmaasses den Kreislauf in 2–3 Stunden vollendet haben würde. Die folgenden Tage waren sehr windig, so dass ich meine Beobachtungen nicht fortsetzen konnte.

Was Anelasma betrifft, so werden Sie aus meinem ersten Briefe ersehen haben, dass auch ich diese Form betrachte als ein schönes verbindendes Glied zwischen den echten Cirripedien und den Rhizocephalen13 oder den Cirripedia suctoria (?), wie sie von Lilljeborg genannt werden,14 obwohl sie weder Cirri noch irgendwelche “Suctorial apparatus” besitzen.

Mit dem Wunsche, dass dieser Brief Sie in guter Gesundheit treffen möge, bin ich, werther Herr, in aufrichtiger Hochachtung | treulichst der Ihrige | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

See letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865, n. 1. For a translation of this letter, see Correspondence vol. 13, Appendix I.
Müller refers to Müller 1864 (see letter to Fritz Müller, 10 August [1865], n. 2).
CD had probably sent the photograph taken by his son William Erasmus Darwin in 1864. The photograph is reproduced as the frontispiece to Correspondence vol. 12.
CD had offered Müller a copy of the German translation of Orchids (Bronn trans. 1862) in his letter to Müller of 10 August [1865]. In his letter of 20 September [1865], CD wrote that he had sent it.
The reference is to the manuscript of an article later published in Botanische Zeitung (Müller 1866). CD’s annotated copy of the published article, with a separate sheet of notes in his hand, is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Max Johann Sigismund Schultze was the editor of the Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie and had been a friend of Müller’s since 1846, when they were both students at the University of Greifswald (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 3: 25). CD later told Müller that he had immediately forwarded the manuscript of Müller’s essay on the wood of twining plants to Schultze (see letter to Fritz Müller, 9 December [1865]). In a letter of 12 December 1865, Müller asked Schultze to try to get the essay published in a botanical journal (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 74, 78).
The reference is to Müller 1865c. An offprint of the article, with a note in CD’s hand on the front cover, is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Müller named the sponge Darwinella aurea (see F. Müller 1865c, p. 344). The genus Darwinella belongs to the order Dendroceratida, whose members are non-calcareous, and which is characterised by a skeleton composed entirely of spongin fibres (horny spicules) and lacking siliceous spicules (Bergquist 1978, p. 176).
The letter is incomplete. CD extracted the sections of this letter on climbing plants and included them in an article that appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany). This article is reproduced as the letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October 1865]; see also letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865, n. 11.
Müller later published the observation on Linum usitatissimum (common flax; Müller 1870, p. 137); CD cited the article in Movement in plants, p. 203. CD’s annotated copy of Müller 1870 is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Müller’s observations on Anelasma were in a missing section of the letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865; see, however, the letter to Fritz Müller, 20 September [1865] and nn. 9 and 10.
The Swedish naturalist Wilhelm Lilljeborg coined the name ‘Cirripedia Suctoria’ to describe the genera Liriope and Peltogaster, from ‘their sucking their nourishment from the animal to which they are attached’ (see Lilljeborg 1859 and Lilljeborg 1860, p. 173). Peltogaster is now classified as a genus of Rhizocephala; Liriope is a genus of the order Isopoda, and is a hyperparasite (parasite upon a parasite) of some Rhizocephala.

Bibliography

Bergquist, Patricia R. 1978. Sponges. London: Hutchinson.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Lilljeborg, Wilhelm. 1859. Liriope och Peltogaster H. Rathke. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 16: 213–17.

Lilljeborg, Wilhelm. 1860. On the genera Peltogaster and Liriope of Rathke. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3d. ser. 6: 162–73, 260–7.

Movement in plants: The power of movement in plants. By Charles Darwin. Assisted by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray. 1880.

Orchids: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1862.

Translation

From Fritz Müller1   10 October 1865

Desterro, Brazil,

10 October 1865

My dear Sir,

Yesterday I received your kind letter of 10 August2 and I feel very complimented by the interest which you have taken in my little book about species;3 I feel well rewarded if it has given you some pleasure. I thank you cordially for having sent me your photograph;4 I am very happy to have it and hope soon to be able to send you mine but at the moment I have none. I accept with thanks your offer to send me your work on orchids, I would very much like to read it; since books always lose some of their interest in translation, I would prefer the English edition to the German.5 When your letter arrived, I was just writing the last lines of a small paper on the wood of climbing plants. Assuming that it will be of some interest to you, I enclose the paper with this letter.6 When you are finished with it, would you please send it to Prof. Max Schultze of the University of Bonn, or if you have a translator, the paper could perhaps be published in an English journal.7 Prof. Max Schultze will send you in time a small paper about a remarkable sponge, which will be published in his Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie.8 When I started to study the sponges of our coast last year, I met with great difficulties in applying your theory to that class. There are, as you know, calcareous spicules in some sponges and siliceous ones in others; their forms are sometimes so similar that one could hardly suppose that they have evolved independently of one another; but on the other hand it seemed very improbable that siliceous spicules should have gradually transformed into calcareous ones, or vice versa. The most probable assumption seems to me that both derived from an ancestral form of spicule that was composed of an organic substance and that was later encrusted with a calcareous substance in some descendants and a siliceous one in others. This view of mine was confirmed by the discovery of a species, described in my paper, which has very beautiful horny spicules of considerable size....9 [missing text]10

… My children had grown a single plant of Linum usitatissimum and my daughter Rosa11 noticed on it that the tip of the stem, which was bent over slightly before the flower opened, had a peculiar revolving movement which followed the sun, or, since we live here in the southern hemisphere, which was counterclockwise.12 I found this fact confirmed and observed that a revolution was completed in approximately eight hours; the movement was quite irregular; sometimes it stopped for an hour, then again it was so fast that the circle would have been completed in 2–3 hours had the speed remained constant. The following days were very windy so that I could not continue my observations.

Concerning Anelasma, you will have seen from my first letter that I, too, consider this form as a splendid link between the true Cirripedes and the Rhizocephala13 or the Cirripedia suctoria (?), as they are called by Lilljeborg,14 although they possess neither cirri nor any kind of “suctorial apparatus”.

With the wish that this letter finds you in good health believe me Dear Sir with sincere respect | very truly yours | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

See letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865, n. 1. For a transcription of this letter in the German of its published source, see pp. 266–7.
Müller refers to Müller 1864 (see letter to Fritz Müller, 10 August [1865], n. 2).
CD had probably sent the photograph taken by his son William Erasmus Darwin in 1864. The photograph is reproduced as the frontispiece to Correspondence vol. 12.
CD had offered Müller a copy of the German translation of Orchids (Bronn trans. 1862) in his letter to Müller of 10 August [1865]. In his letter of 20 September [1865], CD wrote that he had sent it.
The reference is to the manuscript of an article later published in Botanische Zeitung (Müller 1866). CD’s annotated copy of the published article, with a separate sheet of notes in his hand, is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Max Johann Sigismund Schultze was the editor of the Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie and had been a friend of Müller’s since 1846, when they were both students at the University of Greifswald (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 3: 25). CD later told Müller that he had immediately forwarded the manuscript of Müller’s essay on the wood of twining plants to Schultze (see letter to Fritz Müller, 9 December [1865]). In a letter of 12 December 1865, Müller asked Schultze to try to get the essay published in a botanical journal (see Möller ed. 1915–21, 2: 74, 78).
The reference is to Müller 1865c. An offprint of the article, with a note in CD’s hand on the front cover, is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Müller named the sponge Darwinella aurea (see F. Müller 1865c, p. 344). The genus Darwinella belongs to the order Dendroceratida, whose members are non-calcareous, and which is characterised by a skeleton composed entirely of spongin fibres (horny spicules) and lacking siliceous spicules (Bergquist 1978, p. 176).
The letter is incomplete. CD extracted the sections of this letter on climbing plants and included them in an article that appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany). This article is reproduced as the letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October 1865]; see also letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865, n. 11.
Müller later published the observation on Linum usitatissimum (common flax; Müller 1870, p. 137); CD cited the article in Movement in plants, p. 203. CD’s annotated copy of Müller 1870 is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Müller’s observations on Anelasma were in a missing section of the letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865; see, however, the letter to Fritz Müller, 20 September [1865] and nn. 9 and 10.
The Swedish naturalist Wilhelm Lilljeborg coined the name ‘Cirripedia Suctoria’ to describe the genera Liriope and Peltogaster, from ‘their sucking their nourishment from the animal to which they are attached’ (see Lilljeborg 1859 and Lilljeborg 1860, p. 173). Peltogaster is now classified as a genus of Rhizocephala; Liriope is a genus of the order Isopoda, and is a hyperparasite (parasite upon a parasite) of some Rhizocephala.

Bibliography

Bergquist, Patricia R. 1978. Sponges. London: Hutchinson.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Lilljeborg, Wilhelm. 1859. Liriope och Peltogaster H. Rathke. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 16: 213–17.

Lilljeborg, Wilhelm. 1860. On the genera Peltogaster and Liriope of Rathke. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3d. ser. 6: 162–73, 260–7.

Movement in plants: The power of movement in plants. By Charles Darwin. Assisted by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray. 1880.

Orchids: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1862.

Summary

Thanks CD for his photograph.

Sends a paper ["Über das Holz einiger um Desterro wachsender Kletterpflanzen", Botanische Zeitung 24 (1866): 57–60, 65–9].

Believes species of sponge with different mineral spiculae are descended from a form with organic spiculae.

Reports observations on motions of Linum stalks following the sun.

Regards Anelasma as a connecting form between cirripedes and Rhizocephala.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-4912A
From
Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Desterro, Brazil
Source of text
, 2: 74–6.
Physical description
(German trans)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 4912A,” accessed on 23 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-4912A.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 13

letter