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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Transmutation notes

Summary

Darwin starts writing notes on 'transmutation of species'

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Darwin starts writing notes on 'transmutation of species' …

Darwin in letters, 1865: Delays and disappointments

Summary

The year was marked by three deaths of personal significance to Darwin: Hugh Falconer, a friend and supporter; Robert FitzRoy, captain of the Beagle; and William Jackson Hooker, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and father of Darwin’s friend…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … John Scott, who was now working in India. Darwin’s transmutation theory continued to be …
  • … a study of the Crustacea with reference to CD’s theory of transmutation, in or before November 1864 …
  • … Outside Darwin’s own circle, discussions of the theory of transmutation were still taking place both …
  • … praising the address, Campbell accepted Darwin’s theory of transmutation only within certain limits. …
  • … strongly to the potential application of the theory of transmutation to humans (see  Correspondence …
  • … extent his mentor, but had not endorsed Darwin’s theory of transmutation in print as explicitly as …

The Lyell–Lubbock dispute

Summary

In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in his book Prehistoric times, accused Lyell of plagiarism. The dispute caused great dismay among many of their mutual scientific friends, some of whom took immediate action…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … that Lyell had avoided taking a clear position on the transmutation of species. 7 Later, he …
  • … a passage in Lyell’s book which touched on the theory of transmutation; he also wrote to Lyell …
  • … unwillingness to commit himself to CD’s theory of transmutation, see Bartholomew 1973. 8. …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of  Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … transmission. Debate about Darwin’s theory of transmutation continued in various quarters, …
  • … volumes detailing the evidence on which his theory of the transmutation of species by natural …
  • … that Darwin regarded as supportive of his theory of transmutation. These included his own work on …
  • … ongoing debate for its bearing both on Darwin’s theory of transmutation, and on competing theories …
  • … of the fittest' Darwin discussed the details of transmutation theory during the year …

Before Origin: the ‘big book’

Summary

Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a short pencil sketch, …
  • … sensation in October 1844, the public reaction to the transmutation theory it contained convinced …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Jenkin, challenged different aspects of Darwin’s theory of transmutation as elucidated in  On the …
  • … and discuss the implications of their findings in light of transmutation theory. Three important new …
  • … always on the lookout for evidence to support his theory of transmutation. Darwin heavily annotated …
  • … which offered very different challenges to the theory of the transmutation of species through …

4.9 'Graphic', cartoon

Summary

< Back to Introduction A cartoon which appeared in the Graphic in 1871 was unusual, in that it pictured a serious scientific challenge to Darwin’s theories. Sir William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, a leading physicist based at the University of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … periods . . . cannot, of course, disprove the hypothesis of transmutation of species; but it does …

5935_4582

Summary

From J. D. Hooker   26[–7] February 1868KewFeby 26th/68Dear Darwin I have been bursting with impatience to hear what you would say of the Athenæum Review & who wrote it— I could not conceive who…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … 1868a). f2 The Darwinian theory of the transmutation of species examined by a graduate …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … Darwin’s concern about the popular reception of his transmutation theory led him, after some …
  • … theory by making clear the difference between his view of transmutation and Lamarck’s and by …
  • … was greatly pleased with its positive approach to both transmutation and natural selection: ‘I …
  • … to our side, than anything written directly in favour of transmutation. I can hardly tell why it is, …
  • … When Darwin felt that Lyell failed to uphold his views on transmutation in  Antiquity of man , he …

Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'

Summary

The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … were mutable (S. Herbert 1980, p. 12; Sulloway 1982b). Using transmutation as a working hypothesis …
  • … knowledge for both the Zoology  and his notes on transmutation. In turn, the experts described a …
  • … to work by' The major new area to which Darwin’s transmutation enquiries led him was one …
  • … are of the ‘leading’ kind, framed in the light of his transmutation hypothesis and designed to …

Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia

Summary

Darwin’s work on barnacles, conducted between 1846 and 1854, has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin of species, it has frequently been interpreted as a digression from Darwin’s species work. Yet…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … has long posed problems for historians. Coming between his transmutation notebooks and the Origin …
  • … of the subject in the light of his views on the transmutation of species. Several historians have …

New material added to the American edition of Origin

Summary

A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … who had preceded him in espousing favourable views of the transmutation of species; Darwin sent this …

British Association meeting 1860

Summary

Several letters refer to events at the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Oxford, 26 June – 3 July 1860. Darwin had planned to attend the meeting but in the end was unable to. The most famous incident of the meeting was the verbal…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … in 1856, he gave his views in support of the doctrine of the transmutation of species; the …
  • … intelligent. The question was not so much one of a transmutation or transition of species, as of the …
  • … Lordship intimated that this maintained the doctrine of the transmutation of existing species one …

Thomas Henry Huxley

Summary

Dubbed “Darwin’s bulldog” for his combative role in controversies over evolution, Huxley was a leading Victorian zoologist, science popularizer, and education reformer. He was born in Ealing, a small village west of London, in 1825. With only two years of…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … of Creation . Darwin carefully broached the subject of transmutation with Huxley (see for example …
  • … Society in 1858. Despite his previous opposition to transmutation, and despite persistent …

Charles Lyell

Summary

As an author, friend and correspondent, Charles Lyell played a crucial role in shaping Darwin's scientific life. Born to a wealthy gentry family in Scotland in 1797, Lyell had a classical and legal education but by the 1820s had become entranced by…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … editions of the Principles argued strongly against the transmutation of one species into another …
  • … only many years later, in 1856. Despite his distaste for transmutation, Lyell immediately …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … Darwin’s concern about the acceptance of his theory of transmutation remained paramount, and his …
  • … from North America who skilfully defended Darwin’s transmutation theory against the prominent …
  • … England and recent findings of science, including Darwin’s transmutation theory (see  …
  • … by Lyell’s caution in his discussions of both Darwin’s transmutation theory and the question of …
  • … 1864 paper stimulated Darwin’s thinking on human transmutation. Within a few years he began …
  • … in the face of those who still held strong objections to his transmutation theory. Darwin …

Essay: Natural selection & natural theology

Summary

—by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic Monthly for July, August, and October, 1860, reprinted in 1861. I Novelties are enticing to most people; to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … the divergent lines on Darwin’s lithographic diagram of ‘Transmutation made Easy,’ ominously show …
  • … us to ask for the reasons which call for this new theory of transmutation. The beginning of things …
  • … most trustworthy naturalists, quite free from hypotheses of transmutation, are constantly inferring …
  • … connection. Owen himself is apparently in travail with some transmutation theory of his own …
  • … and he emits faint, but not indistinct, glimmerings of a transmutation theory of his own; so that he …
  • … If species do not exist at all, as the supporters of the transmutation theory maintain, how can they …

Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies

Summary

The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … pre-dating  Origin  that contained views on species transmutation, setting in proper relief his …
  • … upon what Darwin considered the strongest indications of transmutation, namely the correlative …

On the Origin of Species

Summary

From a quiet rural existence at Down in Kent, filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on the transmutation of species, Darwin was jolted into action in 1858 by the arrival of an unexpected letter (no longer extant) from Alfred Russel Wallace outlining a…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Kent, filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on the transmutation of species, Darwin was jolted …

Darwin’s species notebooks: ‘I think . . .’

Summary

I have lately been sadly tempted to be idle, that is as far as pure geology is concerned, by the delightful number of new views, which have been coming in, thickly & steadily, on the classification & affinities & instincts of animals—bearing…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … I have lately been sadly tempted to be idle, that is as far as pure geology is concerned, by …
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