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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Vivisection: first sketch of the bill

Summary

Strictly Confidential Mem: This print is only a first sketch. It is being now recast with a new & more simple form – but the substance of the proposed measure may be equally well seen in this draft. R.B.L. | 2 586 Darwin and vivisection …

Matches: 6 hits

  • … that the sciences of medicine, surgery, anatomy, and physiology should be studied and prosecuted in …
  • … by any person being a Professor or Lecturer of or in Physiology, Medicine, Anatomy, or Surgery, in …
  • … of the College of Physicians, and also by a Professor of Physiology, Medicine, or Anatomy in some …
  • … lecturer, or teacher of medicine, surgery, anatomy, physiology, or any other subject, whether …
  • … explained, and with a view to advancing the knowledge of Physiology, Medicine, Anatomy, or Surgery, …
  • … declare that I am engaged in the study of the science of physiology, and especially in the making of …

Movement in Plants

Summary

The power of movement in plants, published on 7 November 1880, was the final large botanical work that Darwin wrote. It was the only work in which the assistance of one of his children, Francis Darwin, is mentioned on the title page. The research for this…

Matches: 11 hits

  • … seems to fit neatly into the realm of experimental plant physiology, but it was at its core informed …
  • … general law or system ’. Darwin was no stranger to physiology in contexts other than botany. …
  • … relied on some of the most advanced work on human and animal physiology to explain how certain …
  • … expression. Darwin had not done experimental work in animal physiology himself, but he applied the …
  • … adapted to perform new functions, like climbing? For Darwin, physiology was a way of seeing how …
  • … of this research in his seminal handbook on experimental physiology of 1865. Sachs, who spent six …
  • … in the same year, became the standard work of plant physiology, and by the early 1870s, Sachs’s …
  • … and growth. Francis described the disagreements about the physiology of the pulvinus, a joint-like …
  • … Müller, ‘ I am working away on some points in vegetable physiology; but though they interest me and …
  • … his French translator Édouard Heckel, who had worked on the physiology of plant movement; having …
  • … Darwin 1882). Darwin’s study of plant movement went beyond physiology in its scope, focusing not …

Darwin’s student booklist

Summary

In October 1825 Charles Darwin and his older brother, Erasmus, went to study medicine in Edinburgh, where their father, Robert Waring Darwin, had trained as a doctor in the 1780’s. Erasmus had already graduated from Cambridge and was continuing his studies…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … medical chemist from Liverpool whose  Elementary system of physiology  was an influential work; …
  • … in the New Edinb: Philos Journal. 13 Bostocks Physiology 14  2 Vol 8 Vo. Cuviers …
  • … lectures, exhibiting a general view of Mr. Hunter’s physiology, and of his researches in comparative …
  • … Bostock, John. 1824–7.  An elementary system of physiology . 3 vols. London: Baldwin, Cradock and …

Insectivorous plants

Summary

Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants began by accident. While on holiday in the summer of 1860, staying with his wife’s relatives in Hartfield, Sussex, he went for long walks on the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … in Drosera and as he was ‘ so ignorant of vegetable physiology ’, he consulted his former …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 30 hits

  • … [DAR *119: 3v.] Hunter has written Quarto work on Physiology 11  besides the paper …
  • … good art. on Entozore 12  by Owen in Encyclop. of Anat. & Physiology [R. Owen 1839] …
  • … Decandoelle has chapter on Sensitive Plants in his Physiology [A. P. de Candolle 1832] Col. …
  • … Hist Nat des Mammiférs [Lesson 1827] Haller’s Physiology [Haller 1754]— My Father 22 …
  • … st . series from 1792 to 1796— well read Hallers Physiology. Translat. [Haller 1754] Skimmed …
  • … 2. vols. 1801 to 1806. extracted. 9 th  Müllers Physiology [Müller 1837–42] 2 d . vol. …
  • … Smith Varieties of Human Race [S. S. Smith 1788]: Haller’s Physiology [Haller 1754]. Staunton …
  • … [Buckland 1836] June 7 th  Supplements to Müllers Physiology [Baly and Kirkes 1848] …
  • … [Lyell 1855] —— 29 th  Carpenters Comparative Physiology [Carpenter 1854] June 8 th …
  • … 79   The   cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology,  edited by Robert Bentley Todd, was issued …
  • … animals, living and extinct . Part I.  Comparative   physiology . Boston. [Darwin Library.]  …
  • … Todd, Robert Bentley,  The cyclopædia of anatomy and   physiology . 5 vols. London. 1836–59.  …
  • … William Senhouse. 1848.  Recent   advances in the physiology of motion, the senses, &c. …
  • … Bevan, Edward. 1827. The honey-bee; its natural history, physiology, and management. London. [Darwin …
  • … 119: 21a Burgess, Thomas Henry. 1839.  The physiology or mechanism   of blushing; …
  • … William Benjamin. 1854.  Principles of   comparative physiology.  4th ed. London. [Darwin …
  • … Albrecht von. 1754.  Dr. Albrecht von Haller’s   physiology; being a course of lectures. …
  • … researches;   or, original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology,   geology, zoology, and …
  • … 119: 7a ——. 1852.  Chapters on mental physiology.  London. [Darwin Library; 2d ed. (1858) …
  • … 128: 10 Lawrence, William. 1819.  Lectures on physiology, zoology,   and the natural …
  • … chemistry in its   applications to agriculture and   physiology . Edited by Lyon Playfair. …
  • … letters on chemistry and its   relation to commerce, physiology, and agriculture . Edited by J. …
  • … *119: 13 Lord, Perceval Barton. 1834.  Popular physiology . London. [Other eds.]  *119: …
  • … 18v.; 119: 18a ——. 1837–42.  Elements of physiology.  Translated by William Baly. 2 vols. …
  • … of Todd, Robert Bentley,  The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology . 5 vols. London. 1836–59. …
  • … 1843–6.  Lectures on the comparative anatomy and   physiology of the invertebrate animals . 2 …
  • … 1846b.  Lectures on the comparative anatomy and   physiology of   the vertebrate animals . Pt …
  • … 1855b.  Lectures on the comparative anatomy and   physiology of the invertebrate animals . 2d ed …
  • … Roget, Peter Mark. 1834.  Animal and vegetable physiology   considered with reference to natural …
  • … Robert Bentley, ed.,  The cyclopædia of anatomy and   physiology . 5 vols. in 6. London. 1836–59 …

British Association meeting 1860

Summary

Several letters refer to events at the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Oxford, 26 June – 3 July 1860. Darwin had planned to attend the meeting but in the end was unable to. The most famous incident of the meeting was the verbal…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … 7 July, meeting of Section D (zoology and botany, including physiology). Although details concerning …
  • … session of Section D.—Zoology and botany, including physiology, President John Stevens Henslow …
  • … Saturday session, Section D.—Zoology and botany, including physiology “On the Intellectual …
  • … and so it is with organisms in the world. From his work on Physiology, published in 1856, he gave …

From morphology to movement: observation and experiment

Summary

Darwin was a thoughtful observer of the natural world from an early age. Whether on a grand scale, as exemplified by his observations on geology, or a microscopic one, as shown by his early work on the eggs and larvae of tiny bryozoans, Darwin was…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … work on sexual selection and expression of emotions, plant physiology began to take centre stage. …
  • … was already known, as he was ‘ so ignorant of vegetable physiology ’.  By the time he …
  • … both differences and similarities in plant and animal physiology. Although the digestive fluids of …

Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … on living creatures (vivisection) practiced in physiology. Vivisection had been performed in ancient …
  • … agree that it is justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and …
  • … sections, we have traced Darwin’s growing interest in physiology and the incorporation of its …
  • … to Henrietta, 4 January [1875] . I have long thought physiology one of the grandest of …
  • … in the search for abstract truth. It is certain that physiology can progress only by experiments on …
  • … … If nothing is done I look at the noble science of Physiology as doomed to death in this country. ( …
  • … induced any suffering, and was happy to leave the underlying physiology to others, incorporating the …

Vivisection: Darwin's testimony to the Royal Commission

Summary

Wednesday, 3rd November 1875. Mr. Charles Darwin called in and examined. 4661. (Chairman.) We are very sensible of your kindness in coming at some sacrifice to yourself to express your opinions to the Commission. We attribute it to the great…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … thing that I would say is, that I am fully convinced that physiology can progress only by the aid of …
  • … the progress of any science can be arrived at in the case of physiology only by means of experiments …
  • … may be assigned for a full conviction that hereafter physiology cannot fail to confer the highest …
  • … a physiologist, and I have had nothing to do in teaching physiology; but from all I can learn, the …

Experimenting with emotions

Summary

Darwin’s interest in emotions can be traced as far back as the Beagle voyage. He was fascinated by the sounds and gestures of the peoples of Tierra del Fuego. On his return, he started recording observations in a set of notebooks, later labelled '…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … experiments on facial movement. This interest in physiology would mark much of Darwin’s later work, …
  • … of the same from Expression   Reflex physiology In the first three …
  • … of experiments, mostly on live animals, that underpinned the physiology of reflexes. Nor did he …
  • … and Alexander Bain. Darwin did not just read himself into physiology, however. In the late 1860s, he …
  • … had been appointed to the first post devoted exclusively to physiology at Cambridge. Again, Darwin’s …
  • … invasive and potentially unsettling features of experimental physiology. He also familiarized the …

Darwin and vivisection

Summary

Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the nature and scope of vivisections performed in physiology laboratories and teaching hospitals, …
  • … largely ignorant of science might halt the progress of physiology. He reiterated these concerns in a …
  • … agree that it is justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and …
  • … in the sciences of medicine, surgery, anatomy, and physiology … Any person, for the purpose of new …

Darwin in letters, 1882: Nothing too great or too small

Summary

In 1882, Darwin reached his 74th year Earthworms had been published the previous October, and for the first time in decades he was not working on another book. He remained active in botanical research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … research, however. Building on his recent studies in plant physiology, he investigated the reactive …
  • … from his previous work on insectivorous plants and the physiology of movement. The results of this …
  • … Appendix VI). But he also strongly supported experimental physiology as a discipline. In February he …

Darwin and Design

Summary

At the beginning of the nineteenth century in Britain, religion and the sciences were generally thought to be in harmony. The study of God’s word in the Bible, and of his works in nature, were considered to be part of the same truth. One version of this…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … authorities in moral philosophy, natural history, astronomy, physiology, chemistry, and geology. The …
  • … habits, deduced from a knowledge of comparative anatomy and physiology, showed the creature to be …
  • … Treatise V, by Peter Mark Roget. Animal and vegetable physiology considered with reference to …

Darwin in letters, 1875: Pulling strings

Summary

‘I am getting sick of insectivorous plants’, Darwin confessed in January 1875. He had worked on the subject intermittently since 1859, and had been steadily engaged on a book manuscript for nine months; January also saw the conclusion of a bitter dispute…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … about the cruel treatment of animals in experimental physiology and medical teaching. Cobbe was an …
  • … suffering with his firm belief in the value of experimental physiology. He expressed his views to …
  • … Darwin’s keen interest in the progress of physiology was due in part to his research on the …

Science: A Man’s World?

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters Darwin's correspondence show that many nineteenth-century women participated in the world of science, be it as experimenters, observers, editors, critics, producers, or consumers. Despite this, much of the…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Garrett’s candidacy for the position of Professorship of physiology at Bedford College for girls. …
  • … Darwin gives his opinion on the education of girls in physiology. He tells Elinor Dicey that he …

Was Darwin an ecologist?

Summary

One of the most fascinating aspects of Charles Darwin’s correspondence is the extent to which the experiments he performed at his home in Down, in the English county of Kent, seem to prefigure modern scientific work in ecology.

Matches: 2 hits

  • … history and biology. In his view, the academic discipline of physiology had neglected the …
  • … 1–972.  Sachs, Julius von. 1887.  Lectures on the physiology of plants . Translated by H. M. …

The Letters

Summary

Darwin’s correspondence provides us with an invaluable source of information, not only about his own intellectual development and social network, but about Victorian science and society in general. Letters form the largest single category of Darwin’s…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … in other plants, the origin of climbing plants, and the physiology of insectivorous plants. The …

Gaston de Saporta

Summary

The human-like qualities of great apes have always been a source of scientific and popular fascination, and no less in the Victorian period than in any other. Darwin himself, of course, marshalled similarities in physiology, behaviour and emotional…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … other. Darwin himself, of course, marshalled similarities in physiology, behaviour and emotional …

1879 Letters now online

Summary

In 1879, Darwin continued his research on movement in plants and researched, wrote, and published a short biography of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin as an introduction to a translation of an essay by Ernst Krause on Erasmus’s scientific work. Darwin’s son…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … learning the latest experimental techniques in plant physiology. As well as their regular tour of …

Cambridge, UK

Summary

Physiology of blushing

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Michael Foster sends some answers about the physiology of blushing. …
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