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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Darwin & Geology

Summary

The lessons Darwin learned from Adam Sedgwick at Cambridge, and in the field in North Wales, stood him in good stead during the Beagle voyage. While he was attached to the Beagle from 1831 to 1835, Darwin actually spent about two-thirds of his time ashore,…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … actually spent about two-thirds of his time ashore, where geology was his single most frequent …
  • … and the coral reefs of the Pacific, Darwin’s notes on geology accumulated twice as fast as those on …
  • … he believed the same basic processes that had shaped the geology of South America were also at work …
  • … of the previous decade by publishing three volumes on the geology of the Beagle voyage, but as …
  • … for further reading… On Darwin’s work in geology: Herbert, Sandra. 2005. …
  • … A. 1991. The discovery of a vocation:  Darwin’s early geology. British Journal for the History of …
  • … of Science 9: 199–218. On the history of geology: Greene, Mott C. 1982. …
  • … Laudan, Rachel.  1994 [1987]. From mineralogy to geology .  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press …

The geology of the Beagle voyage

Summary

The primary concern that linked much of Darwin’s geological work in the Beagle years was to understand the changing relation between the levels of land and sea. As he studied the shores of South America, and discovered shells inland at thousands of feet…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … geologist Charles Lyell, whose three-volume  Principles of Geology  Darwin read during the voyage. …
  • … of the journey, Darwin had intended to write a book on the geology of the Beagle  voyage.  His …

Darwin’s introduction to geology

Summary

Darwin collected minerals as a child and was introduced to the science of geology at the University of Edinburgh, but he only became actively interested in the subject as he was completing his degree at Cambridge.

Matches: 2 hits

  • … minerals as a child and was introduced to the science of geology during his abortive tenure as a …
  • … Darwin apprenticed himself to the Cambridge professor of geology, Adam Sedgwick, who had invited the …

Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications

Summary

This list includes papers read by Darwin to the Geological Society of London, his books on the geology of the Beagle voyage, and other publications on geological topics.  Author-date citations refer to entries in the Darwin Correspondence Project’s…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … Darwin to the Geological Society of London, his books on the geology of the  Beagle  voyage, and …
  • … and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, …
  • … of HMS Beagle, together with some brief notices on the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good …
  • … observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, …
  • … London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1846.  [F273.] —On the geology of the Falkland Islands.   …
  • … [ Shorter publications , pp.  209-17.  F1677.] —Geology. Section VI, pp. 156-95, in  A …
  • … for further reading… On Darwin’s work in geology: Herbert, Sandra. 2005.  …
  • … James A. 1991. The discovery of a vocation: Darwin’s early geology.  British Journal for the …
  • … of Science  9: 199–218. On the history of geology: Greene, Mott C. 1982.  …
  • … Laudan, Rachel. 1994 [1987].  From mineralogy to geology . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. …

Darwin in letters, 1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles

Summary

Darwin's study of barnacles, begun in 1844, took him eight years to complete. The correspondence reveals how his interest in a species found during the Beagle voyage developed into an investigation of the comparative anatomy of other cirripedes and…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … Hooker: ‘I hope this next summer to finish my S. American geology; then to get out a little zoology …
  • … from these years and a series of interesting exchanges on geology with David Milne, Robert Chambers, …
  • … through the mountains. Hooker writes of the complicated geology of the area, of the community of …
  • … with which they had come to regard each other. Geology, and geological controversy …
  • … Sir John Frederick William Herschel, to write the chapter on geology ( letter to J. F. W. Herschel, …
  • … the zoological chapter, show how they divided the topics of geology and zoology between them. Owen …
  • … contribute most to the leading questions of contemporary geology. Perhaps with himself in mind, he …
  • … in the preparation of new editions of his  Principles of geology  and  Manual of elementary …

Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'

Summary

The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … on various subjects to major theoretical monographs in geology. In addition, he organised and …
  • … and sold separately as  Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various …
  • … one of Darwin’s visits to Maer in Staffordshire. Geology Darwin’s work and …
  • … an application of his  Beagle  work, and it too was in geology. In 1838 he set out on a geological …
  • … of the Beagle voyage In addition to his work on geology Darwin undertook to provide a …
  • … network that Darwin established as he worked on the geology and zoology of the voyage a most …
  • … lately been sadly tempted to be idle, that is as far as pure geology is concerned, by the delightful …
  • … these years was that it put an end to further field work in geology. From his South American days he …

The Lyell–Lubbock dispute

Summary

In May 1865 a dispute arose between John Lubbock and Charles Lyell when Lubbock, in his book Prehistoric times, accused Lyell of plagiarism. The dispute caused great dismay among many of their mutual scientific friends, some of whom took immediate action…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Lyell had begun work on a sixth edition of Elements of geology (C. Lyell 1865). At the same time …
  • … book had been completed and set in type for Elements of geology in 1860 and then re-set in 1861 …
  • … in 1860 for the sixth edition of the ‘ Elements of geology ’ 34 [C. Lyell 1865], and the …
  • … , pp. lx–lxxv. Lyell, Charles. 1865.  Elements of geology, or the ancient changes of the …

Commentary

Summary

This section provides pages of commentary on the following themes: Evolution Geology Life sciences Human nature Religion

Matches: 1 hits

  • … on the following themes: Evolution Geology Life sciences …

Darwin & coral reefs

Summary

The central idea of Darwin's theory of coral reef formation, as it was later formulated, was that the islands were formed by the upward growth of coral as the Pacific Ocean floor gradually subsided. It overturned previous ideas and would in itself…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … changes led him to depart from Lyell’s own view of the geology of the Pacific. In his chapter on …
  • … building, if verified, would be an important contribution to geology. Apparently the first coral …

Darwin & the Geological Society

Summary

The science of geology in the early nineteenth century was a relatively new enterprise forged from the merging of several distinct traditions of inquiry, from mineralogy and the very practical business of mining, to theories of the earth’s origin and the…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … The science of geology in the early nineteenth century was a relatively new enterprise forged …
  • … reputation preceded him at the society as his former geology teacher, Adam Sedgwick, had read out …

Science, Work and Manliness

Summary

Discussion Questions|Letters In 1859, popular didactic writer William Landels published the first edition of what proved to be one of his best-selling works, How Men Are Made. "It is by work, work, work" he told his middle class audience, …

Matches: 2 hits

  • … August 1835] Darwin discusses with Fox his love of geology. It is a “capital” and simple …
  • … Darwin praises Dana’s latest work, Manual of Geology . It is, Darwin says, “a monument of …

Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network

Summary

The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … In these years, Darwin published two books on geology,  Volcanic islands  (1844) and  Geological …
  • … Darwin presented a wholeheartedly Lyellian picture of the geology of this vast area, reflecting the …
  • … the Beagle voyage In addition to writing up his geology, Darwin undertook the revision of …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 26 hits

  • … Natural History, and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology ] read …
  • … [Lisyansky 1814]— nothing Lyell’s Elements of Geology [Lyell 1838] Gibbon’s Life of …
  • … my subjects Elie de Beaumont’s 2 vol of memoirs on Geology of France [Dufrénoy and Élie de …
  • … life of Johnsons [Boswell 1831] 4 vols 25 Phillips Geology [J. Phillips 1837–9] Lardners 2 …
  • … need not try them again. 18 th . Maclarens Geology of Fife [Maclaren 1839] References at …
  • … Natural History, and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology ] 4. Vol. …
  • … the Horse [W. C. L. Martin 1845b] —— Hitchock’s Geology of Mass: [Hitchcock 1841] (skimmed) …
  • … [DAR 119: 22a] 1849. Feb 8 th . Geology of Russia by Murchison. Veneuil &c …
  • … of the Creator [H. Miller 1849] Dec. 10. Dana’s Geology. U.S. Expedition [J. D. Dana 1849] …
  • … Sanatory Reform [Anon. 1850].— April 5 Manual of Geology Lyell [Lyell 1851] —— 30 …
  • … it. & buy it.— 112 Jukes. “Students Manual of Geology” [Jukes 1857]— published a few …
  • … Insects [T. W. Harris 1842] Jukes Student Manual of Geology [Jukes 1857] Azara’s …
  • … the years 1797 and 1798,   including observations on the geology and geography, the   natural …
  • … Library.]  119: 2a Buckland, William. 1836.  Geology and mineralogy considered   with …
  • … *119: 3v.; 119: 5a Dana, James Dwight. 1849.  Geology . Vol. 10 of United States …
  • … New Zealand; with   contributions to the   geography, geology, botany, and natural   history …
  • … their scientific   institutions, and a few notices of the geology and mineralogy of   those …
  • … Survey of Great   Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London  2, pt 2: 457–82. …
  • … Survey of Great   Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London  2, pt 2: 483–534.  …
  • … or, original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology,   geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy …
  • … 13a Hitchcock, Edward. 1841.  Final report on the geology of   Massachusetts . 2 vols. …
  • … 119: 20a ——. 1857.  The student’s manual of geology.  Edinburgh. [Darwin Library.]  *128 …
  • … 119: 3a Lyell, Charles. 1837.  Principles of geology: being an   inquiry how far the   …
  • … Library.]  119: 3a ——. 1838.  Elements of geology . London. [Darwin Library.]  119: 2a …
  • … 119: 16a ——. 1847.  Principles of geology; or, the modern changes   of the earth and its …
  • … 22a Lyell, Charles. 1851.  A manual of elementary geology; or, the   ancient changes of …

Living and fossil cirripedia

Summary

Darwin published four volumes on barnacles, the crustacean sub-class Cirripedia, between 1851 and 1854, two on living species and two on fossil species. Written for a specialist audience, they are among the most challenging and least read of Darwin’s works…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Background In 1846, Darwin switched focus from geology to invertebrate zoology, a subject …
  • … correspondent, ‘ I have for the  present given up Geology, & am hard at work at pure Zoology …

John Murray

Summary

Darwin's most famous book On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Origin) was published on 22 November 1859. The publisher was John Murray, who specialised in non-fiction, particularly politics, travel and science, and had published…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … as head of the business in 1843, had spent a year studying geology at Edinburgh University; as a …
  • … he asked his friend Charles Lyell, whose  Principles of geology  (1830-3) had proved to be a …
  • … contributed a section on using a microscope and a chapter on geology to  A manual of scientific …
  • … his authors and added  Origin  to his list: but although geology was his favourite hobby and he …
  • … pseudonym ‘Verifier’ an essay entitled Scepticism in Geology  (1877), an argument against Lyell’s …

Darwin’s earthquakes

Summary

Darwin experienced his first earthquake in 1834, but it was a few months later that he was really confronted with their power. Travelling north along the coast of Chile, Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, were confronted with a series of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … the low coral islands of the Pacific Ocean, and even the geology of Europe. In his Red Notebook …

Journal of researches

Summary

Within two months of the Beagle’s arrival back in England in October 1836, Darwin, although busy with distributing his specimens among specialists for description, and more interested in working on his geological research, turned his mind to the task of…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … with the new title Journal of Researches into the geology and natural history of the various …
  • … of animals will occupy a large portion, sketches of the geology, the appearance of the country, and …
  • … where he set out his views on human migration and reconciled geology with the Biblical account. ‘You …
  • … food as an egg ’; William Henry Fitton considered the geology to be ‘excellent’ while relishing the …
  • … title Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during …

Darwin & Glen Roy

Summary

Although Darwin was best known for his geological work in South America and other remote Beagle destinations, he made one noteworthy attempt to explain a puzzling feature of British geology.  In 1838, two years after returning from the voyage, he travelled…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … noteworthy attempt to explain a puzzling feature of British geology.  In 1838, two years after …

Darwin in letters, 1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage

Summary

Darwin's first known letters were written when he was twelve. They continue through school-days at Shrewsbury, two years as a medical student at Edinburgh University, the undergraduate years at Cambridge, and the of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … scientific horizons, persuaded him to commence the study of geology. It was at this time, too, that …
  • … his confidence in the overall success of the undertaking. In geology he was soon led to speculate …
  • … uniformitarian views set out in the Principles of geology  (1830-3), and of finding able …

Charles Lyell

Summary

As an author, friend and correspondent, Charles Lyell played a crucial role in shaping Darwin's scientific life. Born to a wealthy gentry family in Scotland in 1797, Lyell had a classical and legal education but by the 1820s had become entranced by…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … had become entranced by the popular and exciting subject of geology. Geologists had already revealed …
  • … beset by speculation and uncertainty. In Principles of Geology (1830-1833) , he aimed to make …
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