Huxley contributed the subsection ‘Evolution in biology’ to the ‘Evolution’ article (EB 9th ed. 8: 744–51), which traces the changing uses of the word ‘evolution’ from the early eighteenth century. On p. 748, Huxley cited passages from Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s Recherches sur les causes des principaux faits physiques (Research on the causes of the major physical facts; Lamarck 1793–4, 2: 213–14) and contrasted them with Lamarck’s view in Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck 1809). The passages concerned the distinction between minerals (termed ‘nature’ by Lamarck) and organic beings, stated that the principle of life was unknowable, and emphasised the great differences between life and nature, suggesting that the spontaneous generation of organic beings was impossible (see Corsi 1988, p. 51). The passage ‘que l’existence de ces êtres étonnants n’appartiennent nullement à la nature’ (that the existence of these astonishing creatures has nothing at all to do with nature) is underlined in CD’s copy of Huxley’s article in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL. For more on the development of Lamarck’s thought and interpretations of it, see Corsi 1988 and Bowler 1983, pp. 86–95.

Huxley’s daughter Marian had been dangerously ill with diphtheria (see A. Desmond 1994–7, 2: 113).

Huxley’s wife was Henrietta Anne Huxley; Westgate-on-Sea is a town in Kent.

Huxley had lectured on crayfish to working men at the Royal School of Mines, Jermyn Street, London, from 29 April to 3 June 1878 (L. Huxley ed. 1900, 1: 490). He had presented a paper, ‘On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes’, to the Zoological Society of London on 4 June 1878 (T. H. Huxley 1878c); in it, he showed a remarkable correspondence between the morphological and geographical divisions of crayfishes. In 1880, he published The crayfish: an introduction to the study of zoology (T. H. Huxley 1880).