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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Fritz Müller1   5 November 1865

Desterro, Brazil,

5. November 1865.

Verehrter Herr!

Ich habe Ihnen zu danken für Ihren freundlichen Brief vom 20. September und auch für Ihr Orchis-Buch und zwei Abhandlungen über Linum und Lythrum, welche ich mit der letzten französischen Post richtig empfing.2 Ich habe diese verschiedenen Abhandlungen mit dem grössten Interesse gelesen. Wie merkwürdig verwickelt sind doch die Geschlechtsverhältnisse bei Lythrum salicaria! Die einzige Pflanze von dieser Familie, welche ich bis jetzt gefunden habe (eine Nesaea, Unter-Gattung Heimia), ist monomorph;3 aber es mögen vielleicht dimorphe Arten unter den verschiedenen Cuphea unserer Flora sein.4 Wir sind hier sehr reich an Orchideen, und ich hoffe, ich werde einige von den wunderbar vollkommenen Anpassungen selbst sehen können, welche Sie in Ihrem Buch beschreiben.5

Es giebt in den Wäldern des Festlandes viele Kletterpflanzen, welche sogar die riesigsten Stämme besteigen, aber ich kann mich nicht entsinnen, ob windende Formen dabei sind; im nächsten Monat beabsichtige ich eine Reise nach dem Itajahy-Fluss zu machen und bei dieser Gelegenheit werde ich meine Aufmerksamkeit auf diesen Punkt richten.6 Bezüglich Dalbergia, von der Sie anführen, dass sie dicke Bäume besteigt, habe ich einigen Zweifel, ob sie ein ächter Winder ist oder nicht vielmehr ein Zweigklimmer wie manche andere Pflanzen desselben Stammes; d. h. ob sie mit Hülfe der schwingenden Bewegung ihrer Schösslinge klettert oder dadurch, dass sie sich nach der Seite krümmt, welche zufällig einen Stamm berührt.7 Die letztere Bewegung in Verbindung mit dem Wachsthum des Schösslings nach oben würde bewirken, dass er spiralig aufsteigt, wie ein ächter Winder. Eine von unsern Zweig-klimmenden Dalbergieen, welche ich zuerst ohne Blätter fand und die nun junge Blüthenknospen hat, scheint eine Triptolemaea zu sein, und diese Gattung setzt Endlicher unmittelbar hinter Dalbergia.8

Sie fragen, ob nicht Naturgeschichte ausserordentlich anziehend gemacht wird durch solche Ansichten, wie wir beide haben.9 Ganz sicherlich! Seitdem ich Ihr Buch über die Entstehung der Arten10 gelesen habe und seitdem ich zu Ihren Ansichten bekehrt worden bin, sind mir viele Thatsachen, auf die ich früher mit Gleichgültigkeit sah, ausserordentlich bemerkenswerth geworden; andere, welche früher reine bedeutungslose Wunderlichkeiten erschienen, haben eine hohe Bedeutung erlangt, und so hat die ganze Natur ihr Angesicht verändert. Ich werde deswegen niemals im Stande sein, meine tiefe Dankbarkeit entsprechend auszudrücken, noch die grosse Verbindlichkeit, die mir Ihnen gegenüber obliegt.

Ich will eine einzige Thatsache anführen, welche mich sehr verwirrte, bis sie mir durch Ihr Buch verständlich wurde. In den Spalten granitischer Felsen an der Ostküste unserer Insel fand ich eine Art von Apium, welche in ihrem allgemeinen Aussehen und noch mehr in ihrem Geruch der wilden Sellerie ausserordentlich ähnelte, wie ich sie in früheren Jahren auf den sumpfigen Wiesen an der Ostseeküste gesammelt habe; dieses Apium war in Gesellschaft von einer Tetragonia, welche gleich schien mit Tetragonia expansa, die in Deutschland unter dem Namen neuseeländischer Spinat kultivirt wird, und an demselben Fleck war die sandige Küste bedeckt von einer Scaevola, welche in unserer Flora, soweit ich weiss, die einzige Gattung ist aus einer fast ganz auf Neuholland11 beschränkten Familie. Jetzt, durch Ihr Buch, verstehe ich, warum Küstengattungen viel leichter einen so weiten Verbreitungsbezirk haben als andere Pflanzen.12

Ich beabsichtige bis 1870 oder 1871 in Desterro zu bleiben und dann nach dem Itajahy-Fluss zurückzukehren, wo ich von 1852–1856 lebte und wo ich eine kleine Kolonie besitze.13 Die Landschaft auf unserer Insel ist sehr schön; sogar Reisende, welche die Inseln des Stillen Oceans, Java, u. s. w. besucht hatten, sagten mir, dass unsere Insel einer der schönsten Punkte wäre, welche sie je gesehen hätten. Unglücklicherweise hat die Vegetation jetzt viel von ihrer früheren Grossartigkeit verloren; die Urwälder sind beinah vollständig verschwunden, und viele unserer Hügel sind jetzt fast ausschliesslich bedeckt von niedrigen Büschen einer unansehnlichen Dodonaea.

Herr L. Agassiz erforscht augenblicklich den Amazonenstrom; wie ich aus einem in einer Rioer Zeitung veröffentlichten Briefe entnehme, so hofft er, dass die geographische Verbreitung der Fische in jedem Strom schlagende Gründe gegen die Umwandlungstheorie liefern wird.14 Es scheint mir unmöglich, dass eine einigermassen vollständige Kenntniss von der geographischen Verbreitung der Fische in jenem mächtigen Strom und seinen zahlreichen Zuflüssen in ein paar Jahren erworben werden kann, und ich kann mir nicht denken, dass irgend ein entscheidender Einwand aus einer unvollkommenen Erkenntniss derselben abgeleitet werden kann.

Mit dem Wunsche, dass Ihre Gesundheit recht bald wieder gut werde, bin ich, werther Herr, in der aufrichtigsten Hochachtung | immer treulichst der Ihrige. | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

See letter from Fritz Müller, 12 August 1865, n. 1. For a translation of this letter, see Correspondence vol. 13, Appendix I.
In his letter of 20 September [1865], CD said that he had sent Müller the German edition of Orchids (Bronn trans. 1862), and two papers on dimorphism, ‘Two forms in species of Linum and ‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria.
When CD described Nesaea verticillata (a synonym of Decodon verticillatus, swamp loosestrife) as trimorphic in Forms of flowers, p. 167, he added a note that Müller had observed a homostyled species of the genus in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
In Forms of flowers, p. 168, CD described three species of Cuphea (family Lythraceae) as possessing traits of heterostyly, suggesting that they may have reverted from a heterostyled condition. CD’s notes on Cuphea are in DAR 109: B2. Müller found only homostyled species of Cuphea in Brazil (see Müller 1868b, p. 113).
Müller published papers on orchids, and is cited extensively in ‘Fertilization of orchids’, and Orchids 2d ed.
CD had asked Müller for information on twining plants ascending thick trunks in his letter of 20 September [1865]. In ‘Climbing plants’, p. 21, CD had noted that English plants, with the exception of honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), never twined around trees, while tropical climbers were able to ascend thick trees. In Climbing plants 2d ed., p. 37 n., CD added Müller’s observations of root-climbers and tendril-bearers ascending thick trees in southern Brazil. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter to J. D. Hooker, 26 November [1864], and letters from J. D. Hooker, 29 November 1864 and 2 December 1864.
In ‘Climbing plants’, p. 22, CD had reported that, according to Thomas Thomson and Joseph Dalton Hooker, some Dalbergia species ascend thick trees by twining. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter from J. D. Hooker, 29 November 1864, and letter to J. D. Hooker, 4 December [1864]. On branch-climbers, see letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October] and nn. 2, 8, and 19.
In Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher’s Genera plantarum, the description of Dalbergia is immediately followed by that of Trioptolemea; both are placed in the tribe Dalbergieae (Endlicher 1836–42, pp. 1304–5).
Origin. The first German edition was published in 1860 (Bronn trans. 1860).
Apium is the genus of celery and marshworts; Tetragonia is the genus of New Zealand spinach. Plants of the genus Scaevola (naupaka) are native to Australia, but also to Polynesia. New Holland was the Dutch name for Australia (EB).
In Origin, pp. 358–65, CD presented evidence suggesting that plants could migrate across large bodies of water by means of seeds or fruit that floated, or had been embedded in drift wood or icebergs, or carried by birds. To test his theory, CD had performed experiments between 1855 and 1856 in which he immersed seeds and fruits in salt water (Correspondence vols. 5 and 6); he discussed the theory with Hooker over several years (see letter to J. D. Hooker, 22 and 28 [October 1865] and nn. 12–14).
Müller explored the region of the Itajaí Açu River in south-eastern Brazil between 1852 and 1856. In 1854, he acquired a homestead in the German settlement of Itajaí, at the mouth of the river. He began teaching mathematics at a provincial school in Destêrro (Florianópolis) in 1856, but retained his property in Itajaí (Möller ed. 1915–21, 3: 61–9).
Louis Agassiz began his Brazilian expedition, which included a voyage on the Amazon River, in April 1865. While on the steamer travelling from New York to Rio De Janeiro, he delivered a lecture to his students in which he expressed his conviction that the combination of animals in South America would give him the means of showing that the transmutation theory was ‘wholly without foundation in facts’ (J. L. R. Agassiz and Agassiz 1868, p. 33). Agassiz never published a formal description of the expedition’s specimens, or an analysis of their variation or distribution (see Winsor 1991, pp. 66–76). His informal comments on the fish of South America are given in J. L. R. Agassiz and Agassiz 1868, pp. 216–27, 237–41, and 377–84.

Bibliography

Climbing plants 2d ed.: The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2d edition. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1875.

‘Climbing plants’: On the movements and habits of climbing plants. By Charles Darwin. [Read 2 February 1865.] Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 9 (1867): 1–118.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

EB: The Encyclopædia Britannica. A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information. 11th edition. 29 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1910–11.

Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. 1836–42. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. With 4 supplements; in 2 vols. Vienna: Friedrich Beck.

‘Fertilization of orchids’: Notes on the fertilization of orchids. By Charles Darwin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4th ser. 4 (1869): 141–59. [Collected papers 2: 138–56.]

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Orchids 2d ed.: The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. London: John Murray. 1877.

Orchids: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1862.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria’: On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicaria. By Charles Darwin. [Read 16 June 1864.] Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 8 (1865): 169–96. [Collected papers 2: 106–31.]

‘Two forms in species of Linum’: On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus Linum. By Charles Darwin. [Read 5 February 1863.] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Botany) 7 (1864): 69–83. [Collected papers 2: 93–105.]

Winsor, Mary Pickard. 1991. Reading the shape of nature. Comparative zoology at the Agassiz museum. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Translation

From Fritz Müller1   5 November 1865

Desterro, Brazil,

5. November 1865.

My dear Sir,

I have to thank you for your kind letter of 20 September and also for your Orchid book and the two essays on Linum and Lythrum that I received in good order by the last French post.2 I have read these various papers with the greatest interest. How remarkably complicated are the relations of the sexes in Lythrum salicaria! The only plant of that family which I have found up to now (a Nesaea, sub-genus Heimia), is monomorphic;3 but there may perhaps be dimorphic species among the various Cuphea in our flora.4 We are very rich in orchids here and I hope I will be able to see for myself some of the wonderfully perfect adaptations that you describe in your book.5

In the forests of the mainland here there are many climbing plants that ascend even the thickest trunks but I cannot remember whether there are twining forms among these; next month I plan to make an excursion to the Itajahy River and on this occasion I will direct my attention to that point.6 Concerning Dalbergia, of which you state that it climbs thick trees, I have some doubts whether it is a true twiner or more likely a branch-climber like many other plants of the same family; that is, whether it climbs with the help of the swinging motion of its shoots or by means of bending to the side that by chance touches a trunk.7 This latter movement together with the upward growth of the shoot would cause it to climb spirally like a true twiner. One of our branch-climbing dalbergias, which I found without leaves first and which now has young flower buds, appears to be a Triptolemaea and this genus Endlicher places immediately after Dalbergia. 8

You ask if Natural History is not rendered exceptionally interesting by such views as we both hold.9 To be sure! Ever since I read your book on the origin of species10 and was converted to your views, many facts which I used to view with indifference have become quite remarkable; others which previously seemed meaningless oddities have acquired great significance, and thus the countenance of all Nature has been transformed. I will for that reason never be able to express fully my deep gratitude or the great obligation that I feel towards you.

I will mention just one fact that confused me a lot until it made sense because of your book. In the crevices in the granite rock on the east coast of our island, I found a species of Apium that in its general appearance and still more in its scent was extraordinarily similar to the wild celery that I collected years ago in the marshy meadows on the Baltic coast; this Apium was in the company of a Tetragonia resembling Tetragonia expansa, which in Germany is cultivated under the name of New Zealand spinach, and at the same spot the sandy coast was covered with a Scaevola, which, in our flora, as far as I know, is the only genus of a family almost completely restricted to New Holland.11 Now, through your book, I understand why coastal genera are more likely to have a so much wider distribution than other plants.12

I plan to remain in Desterro until 1870 or 1871 and then to return to the Itajahy River, where I lived from 1852–1856 and where I own a small homestead.13 The landscape of our island is very beautiful; even travellers who have visited the islands of the Pacific, Java, etc. have said to me that our island was one of the most beautiful spots that they have ever seen. Unfortunately the vegetation has now lost much of its former splendor: the virgin forests have almost completely vanished, and many of our hills are now covered almost exclusively by low bushes of an unattractive Dodonaea.

Mr. L. Agassiz is at present researching the Amazon River; as I gather from a letter of his that is published in a Rio newspaper, he hopes that the geographic distribution of fishes in each river will furnish conclusive evidence against the theory of transmutation.14 It seems impossible to me to acquire a fairly complete knowledge of the geographic distribution of fishes in this enormous river and its numerous tributaries in a couple of years, and I cannot imagine that any conclusive objection could be derived from incomplete information about this.

With the wish that your health will soon improve I am, dear Sir with the most sincere respect | Yours very truly | Fritz Müller.

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in the German ofits printed source, see pp. 294–6.
In his letter of 20 September [1865], CD said that he had sent Müller the German edition of Orchids (Bronn trans. 1862), and two papers on dimorphism, ‘Two forms in species of Linum and ‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria.
When CD described Nesaea verticillata (a synonym of Decodon verticillatus, swamp loosestrife) as trimorphic in Forms of flowers, p. 167, he added a note that Müller had observed a homostyled species of the genus in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
In Forms of flowers, p. 168, CD described three species of Cuphea (family Lythraceae) as possessing traits of heterostyly, suggesting that they may have reverted from a heterostyled condition. CD’s notes on Cuphea are in DAR 109: B2. Müller found only homostyled species of Cuphea in Brazil (see Müller 1868b, p. 113).
Müller published papers on orchids, and is cited extensively in ‘Fertilization of orchids’, and Orchids 2d ed.
CD had asked Müller for information on twining plants ascending thick trunks in his letter of 20 September [1865]. In ‘Climbing plants’, p. 21, CD had noted that English plants, with the exception of honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), never twined around trees, while tropical climbers were able to ascend thick trees. In Climbing plants 2d ed., p. 37 n., CD added Müller’s observations of root-climbers and tendril-bearers ascending thick trees in southern Brazil. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter to J. D. Hooker, 26 November [1864], and letters from J. D. Hooker, 29 November 1864 and 2 December 1864.
In ‘Climbing plants’, p. 22, CD had reported that, according to Thomas Thomson and Joseph Dalton Hooker, some Dalbergia species ascend thick trees by twining. See also Correspondence vol. 12, letter from J. D. Hooker, 29 November 1864, and letter to J. D. Hooker, 4 December [1864]. On branch-climbers, see letter from Fritz Müller, [12 and 31 August, and 10 October] and nn. 2, 8, and 19.
In Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher’s Genera plantarum, the description of Dalbergia is immediately followed by that of Trioptolemea; both are placed in the tribe Dalbergieae (Endlicher 1836–42, pp. 1304–5).
Origin. The first German edition was published in 1860 (Bronn trans. 1860).
Apium is the genus of celery and marshworts; Tetragonia is the genus of New Zealand spinach. Plants of the genus Scaevola (naupaka) are native to Australia, but also to Polynesia. New Holland was the Dutch name for Australia (EB).
In Origin, pp. 358–65, CD presented evidence suggesting that plants could migrate across large bodies of water by means of seeds or fruit that floated, or had been embedded in drift wood or icebergs, or carried by birds. To test his theory, CD had performed experiments between 1855 and 1856 in which he immersed seeds and fruits in salt water (Correspondence vols. 5 and 6); he discussed the theory with Hooker over several years (see letter to J. D. Hooker, 22 and 28 [October 1865] and nn. 12–14).
Müller explored the region of the Itajaí Açu River in south-eastern Brazil between 1852 and 1856. In 1854, he acquired a homestead in the German settlement of Itajaí, at the mouth of the river. He began teaching mathematics at a provincial school in Destêrro (Florianópolis) in 1856, but retained his property in Itajaí (Möller ed. 1915–21, 3: 61–9).
Louis Agassiz began his Brazilian expedition, which included a voyage on the Amazon River, in April 1865. While on the steamer travelling from New York to Rio De Janeiro, he delivered a lecture to his students in which he expressed his conviction that the combination of animals in South America would give him the means of showing that the transmutation theory was ‘wholly without foundation in facts’ (J. L. R. Agassiz and Agassiz 1868, p. 33). Agassiz never published a formal description of the expedition’s specimens, or an analysis of their variation or distribution (see Winsor 1991, pp. 66–76). His informal comments on the fish of South America are given in J. L. R. Agassiz and Agassiz 1868, pp. 216–27, 237–41, and 377–84.

Bibliography

Climbing plants 2d ed.: The movements and habits of climbing plants. 2d edition. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1875.

‘Climbing plants’: On the movements and habits of climbing plants. By Charles Darwin. [Read 2 February 1865.] Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 9 (1867): 1–118.

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

EB: The Encyclopædia Britannica. A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information. 11th edition. 29 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1910–11.

Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. 1836–42. Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. With 4 supplements; in 2 vols. Vienna: Friedrich Beck.

‘Fertilization of orchids’: Notes on the fertilization of orchids. By Charles Darwin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4th ser. 4 (1869): 141–59. [Collected papers 2: 138–56.]

Forms of flowers: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.

Orchids 2d ed.: The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects. By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. London: John Murray. 1877.

Orchids: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1862.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

‘Three forms of Lythrum salicaria’: On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicaria. By Charles Darwin. [Read 16 June 1864.] Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 8 (1865): 169–96. [Collected papers 2: 106–31.]

‘Two forms in species of Linum’: On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus Linum. By Charles Darwin. [Read 5 February 1863.] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Botany) 7 (1864): 69–83. [Collected papers 2: 93–105.]

Winsor, Mary Pickard. 1991. Reading the shape of nature. Comparative zoology at the Agassiz museum. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Summary

Thanks CD for the copy of Orchids and papers on Linum and Lythrum [Collected papers 2: 93–105; 106–31].

Intends to travel to the River Itajahy and will make observations on climbing plants. Is not sure whether Dalbergia is a winding plant.

CD has changed FM’s whole perception of nature.

CD has helped him to understand distribution of coastal flora.

The vegetation on Desterro is changing.

Louis Agassiz is seeking evidence against transmutation in the distribution of the fish in the Amazon.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-4929A
From
Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Desterro, Brazil
Source of text
, 2: 76–7.
Physical description
(German trans)

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 4929A,” accessed on 16 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-4929A.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 13

letter