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Family Visits

Summary

The Darwin Correspondence Project is pleased to announce their 'Family Fun' Workshops for the summer holidays, with fun hands-on and interactive sessions available throughout August.  The workshops will be suitable for all primary aged…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … The Darwin Correspondence Project is pleased to announce their 'Family Fun' Workshops …
  • … children and are free to attend. They are part of our ' Darwin in Conversation' …

The Darwin family

Summary

To celebrate the 163rd birthday of Origin of species, we are launching three new interactives online from our Darwin in Conversation exhibition. They illustrate how Darwin’s children contributed to his science as infants and adults, how he did two of his…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Discover how Darwin’s children contributed to his science. Touch the items on the desk to …
  • … techniques. ►  Explore the interactive family table   …

Home learning: 7-11 years

Summary

Do try this at home! Support your children’s learning by downloading our free and fun activities for those aged between 7-11 and 11-14 years, using Darwin’s letters.  

Matches: 6 hits

  • … for those aged between 7-11 and 11-14 years, using Darwin’s letters. Here are a few …
  • … Things Together' activity Follow-up family discussion: If you were …
  • … world without going on a voyage? More Darwin and the Beagle  Voyage activities …
  • … a 3-D Herbarium’ activity Follow-up family discussion: If …
  • … on a plant hunting trip today? More  Darwin the Collector activities …
  • … and Polar bears’ activity Follow-up family discussion: Why have some …

Family life

Summary

From the long letters exchanged with his sisters during the Beagle voyage, through correspondence about his marriage to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, the births—and deaths—of their children, to the  contributions of his sons and daughters  to his scientific…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … of his sons and daughters  to his scientific work, Darwin’s letters show how important his family

Henrietta Emma Darwin

Summary

Henrietta “Etty” Darwin (1843–1927) was the eldest of Charles Darwin’s daughters to reach adulthood. She married Richard Buckley Litchfield in 1871. She was a valued editor to her father as well as companion and correspondent to both of her parents.…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … Henrietta “Etty” Darwin (1843–1927) was the eldest of Charles Darwin’s daughters to reach adulthood. …
  • … she edited passages of   The Autobiography of Charles Darwin  (1887), as well as a collection …
  • … Henrietta provided far more than grammatical assistance; Darwin asked her to help clarify and …
  • … or brothers, Henrietta was an essential lynchpin in the Darwin circle, and helped anchor both the …

Emma Darwin

Summary

Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and youngest child of Josiah Wedgwood II and Bessy Allen. Her father was the eldest son of the famous pottery manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood I. Her mother was one…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and …
  • … house in Wales. Emma was part of a large and lively extended family, Unitarian in religion, liberal …
  • … father's eldest sister, Susannah, had married Robert Waring Darwin of Shrewsbury, and had six …
  • … in Gower Street, London. Their first child, William Erasmus Darwin, was born in December the same …
  • … in the published volumes of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin . This is partly because on the …
  • … home. A great deal of her correspondence survives in the Darwin Archive–CUL, along with her …

Francis Darwin

Summary

Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a distinguished scientist. He was an undergraduate at Trinity College, Cambridge, initially studying mathematics, but then transferring to natural sciences.  Francis completed…

Matches: 7 hits

  • … Known to his family as ‘Frank’, Charles Darwin’s seventh child himself became a …
  • … into debt and had kept the matter secret for some months. Darwin was very stern in his advice: ‘I …
  • … fellow as I daresay I appear to you’ (letter to Francis Darwin,  18 October [1870] ). …
  • … had been employed as his father's secretary and assistant. Darwin had been concerned about his …
  • … run by Julius von Sachs in Wurzburg.  Francis Darwin was elected to the Royal Society in 1882 …
  • … his father had not been knighted, although in 1877 Charles Darwin was awarded an honorary degree …
  • … The Power of Movement in Plants, 1880). Perhaps Francis Darwin, whom the family regarded as a …

Power of movement in plants

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Family experiments Darwin was an active and engaged father during his children's youth, involving them in his experiments and even occasionally using them as observational subjects. When his children…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … Sources | Discussion Questions | Experiment Family experiments Darwin was an …
  • … Man (1872). This teaching module focuses on work done by Darwin with his son Francis on …
  • … and his role as an attentive and affectionate father. Darwin's letters to Francis mix advice on …
  • … notice that although they come from the last decade of Darwin’s life, he is still interested in his …
  • … move In The Power of movement in plants Darwin continued his experiments with and …
  • … in behavioral responses. In the conclusion of the book Darwin argues that gradual modifications in …
  • … SOURCES Books Darwin, C.R. The power of movement in plants. 1880. London: …
  • … of movement in plants Letter 7346 - Darwin to Francis Darwin, 18 October 1870 …
  • … also sends along the money to help Francis clear his debt. Darwin cautions Francis that he knows of …
  • … compromising their character. Letter 10517 - Darwin to Francis Darwin, 29 May 1876 …
  • … experimental technique. Letter 11586 - Darwin to Francis Darwin, 2 July 1878 …
  • … be worth making. Letter 11628 - Francis Darwin to Darwin, 24 July 1878 …
  • … floppy to work”. Letter 12152 - Francis Darwin to Darwin, 12 July 1879 …
  • … in plants. By the time this letter was written, he and Darwin were well into the publishing stage …
  • … it is important to study these later, specialised books by Darwin? What do you think these books can …
  • … to know that he collaborated with his children and other family members? Do you think learning about …

Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'

Summary

The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…

Matches: 26 hits

  • … The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle  voyage was one …
  • … illness that cost him many months of work. Starting a family Busy as he was with …
  • … close contact. In November 1838, two years after his return, Darwin became engaged to his cousin, …
  • … child, William Erasmus, was born. In September 1842, the family, now increased by a daughter, Anne …
  • … his greatest theoretical achievement, the most important of Darwin’s activities during the years …
  • … identifications of his bird and fossil mammal specimens, Darwin arrived at the daring and momentous …
  • … in species. With this new theoretical point of departure Darwin continued to make notes and explore …
  • … present in the version of 1859. Young author Darwin’s investigation of the species …
  • … the  Beagle  had returned to England, news of some of Darwin’s findings had been spread by the …
  • … great excitement. The fuller account of the voyage and Darwin’s discoveries was therefore eagerly …
  • … suitable categories for individual experts to work upon, Darwin applied himself to the revision of …
  • … of the surveying voyage of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle. Darwin’s volume bore the title  Journal …
  • … visited by H.M.S. Beagle .  Also in November 1837, Darwin read the fourth of a series of papers to …
  • … to the Society of 9 March 1838), had been developed by Darwin from a suggestion made by his uncle, …
  • … Sedgwick, [after 15 May 1838] ). The new research Darwin undertook after 1837 was an …
  • … time, the parallel terraces, or ‘roads’, of Glen Roy. Darwin had seen similar formations on the …
  • … roads of Glen Roy’,  Collected papers  1: 88–137). Darwin later abandoned this view, calling it a …
  • … contemporaneous unstratified deposits of South America”, Darwin continued to defend his and Lyell’s …
  • … 1842, having heard of evidence of glaciation in North Wales, Darwin made a tour there in order to …
  • … more satisfactorily than any alternative explanation. Darwin eventually relinquished this theory and …
  • … the Beagle voyage In addition to his work on geology Darwin undertook to provide a …
  • … The correspondence provides a nearly complete record of Darwin’s arrangements with the Treasury, his …
  • … , by Thomas Bell—a total of nineteen quarto issues. Darwin contributed a substantial portion of the …
  • … and habitats of the species. Mr Arthrobalanus Darwin had originally planned to include …
  • … Archipelago off the coast of Chile. These unexpectedly led Darwin to devote eight years (1846–54) …
  • … in some of which he enlisted Abberley, the Darwin family gardener (see 'Darwin's reading …

Darwin and Fatherhood

Summary

Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten children. It is often assumed that Darwin was an exceptional Victorian father. But how extraordinary was he? The Correspondence Project allows an unusually…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839 and over the next seventeen years the couple had ten …
  • … an unusually large number of letters sent by members of the Darwin family to be studied. However, in …
  • … which required them to work long hours away from their family. Darwin was unusual in being able to …
  • … this part of Kent as ‘extraordinarily rural & quiet’ (Darwin to his sister Catherine,  [24 July …
  • … left their children in the care of servants in the country. Darwin frequently expressed regrets that …
  • … meetings and social events in the capital. As a result, Darwin rarely spent a day without the …
  • … servants to care for the everyday needs of their large family. For instance, when they had four …
  • … ‘visits’ to see their father when he was working (Darwin to his wife Emma,  [7-8 February 1845] ). …
  • … children’s development in diaries and letters. However, Darwin was unusual for the systematic …
  • … was far more typical of mid-nineteenth-century fathers was Darwin’s intense involvement in his …
  • … to incessant anxiety & movement on account of Etty.’ (Darwin to W. D. Fox,  18 October [1860] …
  • … them in a profession were a substantial drain on family finances. Darwin wrote about the ‘awesome …
  • … made were deliberately conventional. In the Darwin family intellectual pursuits were not …
  • … children. Croquet and especially billiards were favourite family games, and in 1859 he ended a …
  • … (Darwin to his son William,  7 July [1859] ). Whole family outings were relatively rare and …
  • … to go to public events, his life was centred on his home and family to an exceptional extent. His …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

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  • … There are summaries of all Darwin's letters from the year 1879 on this website.  The full texts …
  • … 27 of the print edition of The correspondence of Charles Darwin , published by Cambridge …
  • … to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an …
  • … the sensitivity of the tips. Despite this breakthrough, when Darwin first mentioned the book to his …
  • … 1879 ). He was also unsatisfied with his account of Erasmus Darwin, declaring, ‘My little biography …
  • … a holiday in the Lake District in August did little to raise Darwin’s spirits. ‘I wish that my …
  • … W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26] July [1879] ). From July, Darwin had an additional worry: the …
  • … that his grandfather had felt the same way. In 1792, Erasmus Darwin had written: ‘The worst thing I …
  • … contained a warmer note and the promise of future happiness: Darwin learned he was to be visited by …
  • … Hacon, 31 December 1879 ). Seventy years old Darwin’s seventieth birthday on 12 …
  • … the veteran of Modern Zoology’, but it was in Germany that Darwin was most fêted. A German …
  • … ). The masters of Greiz College in Thuringia venerated Darwin as ‘the deep thinker’, while …
  • … preface to the translation, with a few particulars about the family and Robert Waring Darwin’s …
  • … on remembered stories passed down different branches of the family to ascertain the events of …
  • … his relatives as well as explore the genealogy of the Darwin family. Darwin’s wish to …
  • … V. H. Darwin, 28 May [1879] ). On the Galton side of the family, Elizabeth Anne Wheler, who was …
  • … M rs . Schimmelpenigs untrue remarks’, sent passed-down family anecdotes and memories about …
  • … to insert anything that would interest only members of the family; what was published must be ‘in …
  • … 10 April [1879] ). However, even members of Darwin’s own family found his first draft lacked …
  • … ordeal as his paper was published by Sachs in 1880. Family matters Before leaving …
  • … for a holiday in a hotel owned by Victor Marshall, a Darwin family friend. Francis was to join them …
  • … stopping the marriage; but I believe he knows that all his family (Farrer & Erskines) will …
  • … of natural selection, Darwin circulated the book within his family. He also heard from John Fletcher …
  • … ). However, the pleasure was not so great for the Darwin family. Emma Darwin found Haeckel very …
  • Darwin was quick to contribute to a fund to send him and his family to the Riviera for the summer ( …

Life of Erasmus Darwin

Summary

The Life of Erasmus Darwin (1879) was a curious departure for Darwin. It was intended as a biographical note to accompany an essay on Erasmus's scientific work by the German writer Ernst Krause. But Darwin became immersed in his grandfather's…

Matches: 21 hits

  • … The Life of Erasmus Darwin (1879) was a curious departure for Darwin. It was intended as a …
  • … scientific work by the German writer Ernst Krause. But Darwin became immersed in his grandfather& …
  • … than Krause's essay. Such life-writing was unusual for Darwin, but not unprecedented. Just a …
  • … his grandfather's mind and character. To compose the work, Darwin gathered materials and …
  • … book into grist for controversy.  In February 1879, Darwin received an unusual birthday …
  • … an essay by Ernst Krause on the evolutionary ideas of Darwin's grandfather. Darwin was familiar …
  • … poems, The Botanic Garden and Temple of Nature . But Darwin had never known his grandfather, …
  • … '; ' It piles up the glory and would please Francis '. Darwin's cousin, …
  • … 'men of science'. The biographical sketch was thus a way for Darwin to trace his own …
  • … character. Once a celebrated poet and philosopher, Erasmus Darwin's fame had declined sharply …
  • … wholly & shamefully ignorant of my grandfathers life ', Darwin wrote to Krause on 14 March …
  • … storehouse of private thoughts and experiences. Reading it, Darwin said, was like ' having …
  • … of Dr. D. the higher he rises in my estimation '. Violetta Darwin, a distant cousin and book …
  • … Priory where he resided at his death, both appeared in Darwin's Life .   & …
  • … word “benevolent” has always been associated with Dr. Darwin by his friends '. She recalled an …
  • Darwin tried to verify such tales passed down in the family over two or three generations, comparing …
  • … life of Dr. Darwin came out', wrote Emma Galton, ' the family were so angry with the …
  • … Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, one of Erasmus's nieces, whose family had evidently quarrelled with …
  • … Lamarck. The Life was very well received by the family, all of whom agreed that the book …
  • … drafts to the Athenaeum , but was urged by most of his family and friends to ignore the matter …
  • … to wilful deceit. Again Darwin felt compelled to reply, and family members rallied round and debated …

Darwin’s scientific women

Summary

Darwin exchanged letters with women who were botanists, travellers, observers, writers, and naturalists. Find out about their lives and how they contributed to his research.

Matches: 1 hits

  • Darwin’s letters shed light on the lives of some otherwise little-known women …

Dramatisation script

Summary

Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig Baxter – as performed 25 March 2007

Matches: 26 hits

  • … Re: Design – Adaptation of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Asa Gray and others… by Craig …
  • … as the creator of this dramatisation, and that of the Darwin Correspondence Project to be identified …
  • … correspondence or published writings of Asa Gray, Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Jane Loring …
  • … Actor 1 – Asa Gray Actor 2 – Charles Darwin Actor 3 – In the dress of a modern day …
  • … Agassiz, Adam Sedgwick, A Friend of John Stuart Mill, Emma Darwin, Horace Darwin… and acts as a sort …
  • … the play unfolds and acting as a go-between between Gray and Darwin, and between the audience and …
  • … this, he sends out copies of his Review of the Life of Darwin. At this time in his life, Asa …
  • … November 1887]  1   Dr Gray went in to Boston for the family Thanksgiving dinner, though there …
  • … friends in England, copies of his ‘Review of the Life of Darwin’… pencilling the address so that it …
  • … Joseph D Hooker GRAY:   3   Charles Darwin… made his home on the border of the little …
  • … are kept in check by a constitutional weakness. DARWIN: A plain but comfortable brick …
  • … by every blessing except that of vigorous health… DARWIN:  4   My confounded stomach …
  • … pursuits and the simplicity of his character. DARWIN:   5   I am allowed to work now …
  • … own house, where he was the most charming of hosts. DARWIN:   6   My life goes on …
  • … being a part of [an unpublished] manuscript. Darwin settles down to write. His tone is …
  • … THE CONCURRENCE OF BOTANISTS: 1855 In which Darwin initiates a long-running correspondence …
  • … gossip about difficult colleagues (Agassiz). Gray realizes Darwin is not revealing all of his …
  • … man, more formally attired and lighter on his feet than Darwin. He has many more demands on his time …
  • … catches his attention. He opens the letter. DARWIN:  8   April 25 th 1855. My …
  • … filled up the paper you sent me as well as I could. DARWIN:  10   My dear Dr Gray. I …
  • … is condensed in that little sheet of note-paper! DARWIN:  11   My dear Hooker… What …
  • … surprising good. GRAY:   12   My dear Mr Darwin, I rejoice in furnishing facts to …
  • … of the sort to the advancement of science… DARWIN:  13   I hope… before [the] end of …
  • … reasonably expect… Yours most sincerely Asa Gray. DARWIN:  16   My dear Gray… Your …
  • …   137   Some young people here, of Mrs. Gray’s family take to stamp-collecting, and will help. …
  • … scientist would get more work done without the anxieties of family life. DARWIN:   138 …

Darwin's in letters, 1873: Animal or vegetable?

Summary

Having laboured for nearly five years on human evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost exclusively to his beloved plants. He resumed work on the digestive powers of sundews and Venus fly traps, and…

Matches: 25 hits

  • … evolution, sexual selection, and the expression of emotions, Darwin was able to devote 1873 almost …
  • … (1875) and  Cross and self fertilisation  (1876). Darwin’s son Francis became increasingly …
  • … career to become his father’s scientific secretary. Darwin had always relied on assistance from …
  • … the previous year. As was typical, readers wrote to Darwin personally to offer suggestions, …
  • … some of which were incorporated in a later edition. Darwin also contributed to discussions in the …
  • … Francis Galton’s work on inherited talent, which prompted Darwin to reflect on the traits and …
  • … Station at Naples. Plants that eat and feel? Darwin had resumed experiments on the …
  • … 12 January [1873] ).  Drosera  was the main focus of Darwin’s study of insectivorous plants, a …
  • … and alkaloids, and even electrical stimulation. On sending Darwin a specimen of the carnivorous  …
  • … ( letter from J. D. Hooker, 12 January 1873 ). Darwin found that the glandular hairs on the …
  • … to bend inward, so that the plant closed like a fist. Darwin was fascinated by this transmission of …
  • … plants , p. 63). The plants secreted a viscid fluid, which Darwin suspected attracted insects by …
  • … ., p. 17). Through a series of painstaking experiments, Darwin determined that the secretions …
  • … botanist Mary Treat, who performed experiments suggested by Darwin on the North American species  …
  • … . He began to perform experiments modelled on those of Darwin, feeding the plant egg and raw meat, …
  • … to John Murray, 4 May [1873] ). Keeping it in the family As Darwin worked exclusively …
  • …  and staked out a portion of garden to watch worms: “no family should be without his worm-garden— we …
  • … to poor health, supported the decision on the basis of the family’s collective infirmity: “After all …
  • … of observations of infants and anecdotes of zoo animals and family pets, it was judged more …
  • … informed Darwin that his newest daughter continued the family tradition. “I hope your little …
  • … and taken on extra work to support a large extended family, fell on very hard times because of a …
  • … friend that not only for his own sake, or for that of his family, but for the sake of Science, he …
  • … favour of his son George. Keeping such editorial work in the family followed the pattern that Darwin
  • … considered the water cure, with Darwin offering to move the family to Malvern if it would make …
  • … [1873] ). In the village of Down, Darwin and his family continued to support the church as a …

William Darwin Fox

Summary

Charles Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, was admitted to Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1824, three years before Darwin; the two men became close friends. They corresponded throughout their lives, exchanging accounts of their growing families…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Charles Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, was admitted to Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1824, …
  • … 1838 to 1873 was Rector of Delamere in Cheshire. Fox and Darwin corresponded throughout their lives …

Women’s scientific participation

Summary

Observers | Fieldwork | Experimentation | Editors and critics | Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a community of women who participated, often actively and routinely, in the nineteenth-century scientific community. Here is a…

Matches: 13 hits

  • … |  Editors and critics  |  Assistants Darwin’s correspondence helps bring to light a …
  • … community. Here is a selection of letters exchanged between Darwin and his workforce of women …
  • … Women: Letter 1194 - Darwin to Whitby, M. A. T., [12 August 1849] Darwin
  • … peculiarities in inheritance. Letter 3787 - Darwin, H. E. to Darwin, [29 October …
  • … garden. Letter 4523 - Wedgwood, L. C. to Darwin, [6 June 1864] Darwin’s …
  • … . Letter 5745 - Barber, M. E. to Darwin, [after February 1867] Mary Barber …
  • … Letter 6535 - Vaughan Williams , M. S. to Darwin, H. E., [after 14 October 1869] …
  • … Letter 8611 - Cupples, A. J. to Darwin, E., [8 November1872] Anne Jane Cupples, …
  • … observations on the expression of emotion in dogs with Emma Darwin. Letter 8676 - …
  • … depths and tried, but failed, to find worm castings on the family’s croquet lawn. Letter …
  • … microscopes to examine Dionea in more detail. Family letter: Darwin, E. to Darwin, …
  • … 219.1:49) Emma Darwin updates her son, William, on family news. Henrietta has been …
  • … 1871] Darwin tells Wallace that he will let his family determine the worth of a paper on …

People

Summary

This section is about Charles Darwin and his correspondents. It is divided into the following areas: Key correspondents The Beagle voyage networks Family and friends Darwin's scientific networks Readers and critics Publishers, artists…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … This section is about Charles Darwin and his correspondents. It is divided into the following areas: …
  • … The Beagle voyage networks Family and friends Darwin's scientific …
  • … artists and illustrators See also: About Darwin

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

Matches: 17 hits

  • … heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old …
  • … to adapt to varying conditions. The implications of Darwin’s work for the boundary between animals …
  • … studies of animal instincts by George John Romanes drew upon Darwin’s early observations of infants, …
  • … of evolution and creation. Many letters flowed between Darwin and his children, as he took delight …
  • … Financial support for science was a recurring issue, as Darwin tried to secure a Civil List pension …
  • … with Samuel Butler, prompted by the publication of Erasmus Darwin the previous year. …
  • … to receive letters about Erasmus’s life and other bits of family history. On 1 January , a …
  • … divines to see a pig’s body opened is very amusing’, Darwin replied, ‘& that about my …
  • … registry offices, and produced a twenty-page history of the Darwin family reaching back to the …
  • … the world’ ( letter from J. L. Chester, 3 March 1880 ). Darwin’s sons George and Leonard also …
  • … think I must pay a round of visits.’ One cousin, Reginald Darwin, warmed to George: ‘he had been …
  • … an ordinary mortal who could laugh’ ( letter from W. E. Darwin to Charles and Emma Darwin, 22 July …
  • … December 1880 ). Again, Darwin felt compelled to reply, and family members rallied round, debating …
  • … business partner Robert Cooke on 23 April , ‘My family shake their heads in the same dismal …
  • … ( letter to W. C. McIntosh, 18 June 1880 ). Members of the family were enlisted to study worm …
  • … biassed by the pain which it would give some members of my family, if I aided in any way direct …
  • … but Torbitt’s grand plan was not realised. Loss and family The year was marked by the …
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