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Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I

Summary

Darwin encountered problems with the term ‘natural selection’ even before Origin appeared.  Everyone from the Harvard botanist Asa Gray to his own publisher came up with objections. Broadly these divided into concerns either that its meaning simply wasn’t…

Matches: 26 hits

  • … I suppose “natural selection” was bad term but to change it now, I think, would make confusion …
  • … Darwin encountered problems with the term ‘natural selection’ even before Origin appeared.  …
  • … implied agency – that something or someone was making the selection – precisely the implication …
  • … again, it was by analogy with this practice of artificial selection that Darwin chose to name the …
  • … was pulling together the research of twenty years, Natural Selection . With that letter to …
  • … animal breeder: ‘It is wonderful what the principle of Selection by Man, that is the picking out of …
  • … that there is such an unerring power at work, or Natural Selection . . . which selects exclusively …
  • … thought of your objection of my using the term “natural Selection” as an agent ’ he wrote back, but …
  • … perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection’ (Darwin and Wallace 1858). …
  • … Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through Natural Selection , but was taken aback to …
  • … John Murray, on his behalf, ‘ about term “Natural Selection ”, but I hope to retain it with …
  • … was: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races …
  • … it would be selected or preserved by nature; Hence Natural Selection— ’ and encouraged Bronn to …
  • … as he told Bronn, had ‘ thought the term “Natural Selection” good, because its meaning is not …
  • … reinforced Gray’s original criticism that ‘natural selection’ appeared to imply a positive act of …
  • … skill” “working for the good of each being” “natural selection having taken advantage of” “for the …
  • … Lyell, Darwin wrote: ‘ I doubt whether I use term Natural Selection more as a Person, than writers …
  • … how little I am understood ’. ‘I suppose “natural selection” was bad term’ he admitted, ‘but to …
  • … would seem a truism; & would not bring man’s & nature’s selection under one point of view& …
  • … wrote in a later letter to Lyell: ' Talking of “Natural Selection”, if I had to commence de …
  • … to include a paragraph defending the term ‘natural selection’ against criticisms on various grounds, …
  • … writers have misapprehended or objected to the term Natural Selection. Some have even imagined that …
  • … to agriculturists speaking of the potent effects of man's selection; and in this case the …
  • … of necessity first occur. Others have objected that the term selection implies conscious choice in …
  • … In the literal sense of the word, no doubt, natural selection is a misnomer; but who ever objected …
  • … preference combine. It has been said that I speak of natural selection as an active power or Deity; …

Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species

Summary

Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s manuscript on species (DAR 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection). This manuscript, begun in May 1856, was nearly completed by…

Matches: 14 hits

  • … 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection ). This manuscript, begun in …
  • … numbers of the published versions of the chapters ( Natural selection ) are also given. Chapter 1 …
  • … Geographical distribution (DAR 14; Natural selection , pp. 534--66) …
  • … reproductive system to external agencies (DAR 8; Natural selection , pp. 35--91) …
  • … Variation under nature (DAR 9; Natural selection , pp. 95--171) …
  • … The struggle for existence as bearing on natural selection (DAR 10.1; Natural selection , pp. 173 …
  • … variation: varieties & species compared (DAR 11.1; Natural selection , pp. 279--338) …
  • … Difficulties on the theory of natural selection in relation to passages from form to form (DAR 11.2; …
  • … 1857 Hybridism (DAR 12; Natural selection , pp. 388--462) …
  • … powers and the instincts of animals (DAR 13; Natural selection , pp. 466--527) …
  • … on large genera and divergence] (DAR 15.1; Natural selection , pp. 134--64) …
  • … [Correcting chapter 6] (DAR 10.2: 26a--nn; Natural selection , pp. 226--50) …
  • … added the names of chapters as he completed them ( Natural selection , pp. 21--4). The manuscript …
  • … (see n. 1, above). [3] In Natural selection , p. 95, Robert Stauffer suggests …

Sexual selection

Summary

Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species.  So what…

Matches: 19 hits

  • … Although natural selection could explain the differences  between  species, Darwin realised …
  • … of a secondary mechanism operating alongside natural selection - a mechanism he called 'sexual …
  • … that obviously relates to his emerging ideas about sexual selection before he published a brief and …
  • … such as the horns on a stag or the spurs on a cock. Sexual selection, he wrote, depends 'not on …
  • … weapons, Darwin identified another vital factor in sexual selection: ‘charm’. The two sexes in birds …
  • … Darwin debated the evidence for the operation of sexual selection with a small group of friends, and …
  • … through their letters, Wallace maintained that natural selection was more important in the …
  • … females had acquired their dull coloration through natural selection as a protection when nesting. …
  • … but continued to emphasise the importance of sexual selection, particularly in humans . …
  • … to crustacea to mammals, that seemed to fit with sexual selection.  But it was not until his two …
  • … to establish just how far through the animal kingdom sexual selection operated. Typical is his query …
  • … , the full title of which is The descent of man and selection in relation to sex .  It appeared …
  • … elaborate plumage could have been acquired, through sexual selection, in small successive steps. …
  • … as 1864 Darwin was fully convinced not only that sexual selection operated, but that it had played a …
  • …  It might be 'an awful stretcher' to believe that sexual selection had formed the peacock& …
  • … in such detail, because of his conviction that sexual selection, coupled with widely varying …
  • … Hooker about the consequences of both natural and sexual selection for the development of …
  • … out of the lower ranks; so that a good deal of indirect selection improves the Lords' ( to J. …
  • … interested in the operation and consequences of sexual selection publishing an article in Nature …

Essay: Natural selection & natural theology

Summary

—by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic Monthly for July, August, and October, 1860, reprinted in 1861. I Novelties are enticing to most people; to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted…

Matches: 27 hits

  • … —by Asa Gray NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY. Atlantic …
  • … the new book ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’ left an uncomfortable …
  • … as one sheep follows another, the chapter on ‘Natural Selection,’ Darwin’s  cheval de bataille , …
  • … go on improving and diversifying for the future by natural selection, could we even take up the …
  • … there is some truth on both sides. ‘Natural selection,’ Darwin remarks, ‘leads to divergence …
  • … not likely to work much harm for the future. And if natural selection, with artificial to help it, …
  • … out of use, and become extinct species: this is  Natural Selection . Now, let a great and …
  • … not necessarily exclude the other. Variation and natural selection may play their part, and so may …
  • … time is of any account— for variation and natural selection to work out some appreciable results in …
  • … of that species. Furthermore, I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main, but not …
  • … Darwin impersonates under the now familiar name of Natural Selection, allows that the exposition …
  • … insist, were resolved by divergent variation and natural selection into) common fishes, destitute of …
  • … organs of an animal through cumulative variation and natural selection. Think of such an organ as …
  • … doubted. We believe that species vary, and that ‘Natural Selection’ works; but we suspect that its …
  • … condition—so it may be surmised that variation and natural selection have their struggle and …
  • … of importance, and might have been acquired through natural selection; as it is, I have no doubt …
  • … of the origination of species through variation and natural selection ‘repudiates the whole doctrine …
  • … theory of diversification through variation and natural selection would essentially alter the …
  • … multiplying the better variations times enough, and natural selection securing the improvements] a …
  • … plain by gravitation (here the counterpart of natural selection) may have worn their actual channels …
  • … is a result of design or of chance. Variation and natural selection open no third alternative; they …
  • … import atheism into your conception of variation and natural selection, you can readily exhibit it …
  • … hypothesis with design in Nature is made when natural selection is referred to as picking out those …
  • … Finally, it is worth noticing that, though natural selection is scientifically explicable, variation …
  • … or may destroy the variations man may use or direct them but selection whether artificial or natural …
  • … the parallel, and get some good illustrations of natural selection from the history of architecture, …
  • … that there are any wild varieties, to speak of, for natural selection to operate upon. We cannot …

Descent

Summary

There are more than five hundred letters associated with the research and writing of Darwin’s book, Descent of man and selection in relation to sex (Descent). They trace not only the tortuous route to eventual publication, but the development of Darwin’s…

Matches: 14 hits

  • … and writing of Darwin’s book, Descent of man and selection in relation to sex ( Descent ). …
  • … utter confidence that humans had been subject to natural selection , coupled with reluctance to …
  • … the antiquity of man deduced from the theory of “natural selection”’[Wallace 1864d]. Darwin already …
  • … from 8–10 per diem,—chiefly getting up facts on sexual selection ’ Once he had decided on …
  • … am’ he wrote ‘working up what I have called “ sexual selection”, & am sadly in want of facts ’ …
  • … been Tegetmeier’s own. ‘ The subject of sexual selection grows bigger & bigger as I …
  • … nearer publication, Darwin described the subject of sexual selection successively and with …
  • … butterflies and moths had not been ‘made dull-coloured by selection’, which Bates thought would …
  • … argument about the relative roles of natural and sexual selection in general, and the application …
  • … you, & this to me is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection has been the main agent …
  • … colours had been acquired by the females through natural selection as a protection against …
  • … am undergoing severe distress about the protection & sexual selection’ Darwin wrote to Wallace …
  • … but continued: ‘ On the subject of “sexual selection” & “protection” you do not yet convince me …
  • … of three parts: ‘I. The Descent of Man ; II On Sexual Selection ; and III. On Expression of …

Natural selection

Summary

How do new species arise?  This was the ancient question that Charles Darwin tackled soon after returning to England from the Beagle voyage in October 1836. Darwin realised a crucial (and cruel) fact: far more individuals of each species were born than…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … This is what Darwin, through an analogy with ‘artificial selection’, came to call the principle of …
  • … as idle speculation. In large part this was because natural selection provided (as Darwin later said …
  • … the questions he was attempting to solve.  For him, natural selection was always only the most …
  • … of inheritance (‘pangenesis’). Today, natural selection remains at the core of discussions …
  • … genetics and genomics.  Like any successful theory, natural selection has been transformed, …
  • … As Darwin recognised from the start, understanding natural selection is also essential to …

Darwin and women: a selection of letters

Summary

A shorter version of this film is available on the Cambridge University Press video stream.   Darwin and Women focusses on Darwin's correspondence with women and on the lives of the women he knew and wrote to. It includes a large number of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … A shorter version of this film is available on the Cambridge University Press video …

Before Origin: the ‘big book’

Summary

Darwin began ‘sorting notes for Species Theory’ on 9 September 1854, the very day he concluded his eight-year study of barnacles (Darwin's Journal). He had long considered the question of species. In 1842, he outlined a theory of transmutation in a…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … of the magazine that he had experimented on a random selection of seeds, but he was ‘ now trying a …
  • … at best he could ‘ refer to the main agency of change, selection ’. From the start, …
  • … C. Stauffer under the title Charles Darwin’s Natural Selection; being the second part of his big …

Darwin in letters, 1837–1843: The London years to 'natural selection'

Summary

The seven-year period following Darwin's return to England from the Beagle voyage was one of extraordinary activity and productivity in which he became recognised as a naturalist of outstanding ability, as an author and editor, and as a professional…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … sketch', based on a principle that he called ‘natural selection’. Seventeen more years of data …
  • … from Lyell’s originals for use in his work. Natural Selection Darwin is usually …
  • … appear to have told anyone about his hypothesis of natural selection, but this silence need not be …
  • … once or twice to explain to able men what I meant by natural selection, but signally failed’. …
  • … and that he thenceforward ‘conceived of artificial selection as the method of exhibiting under the …
  • … of studying the dynamics of adaptation resulting from such selection’ (Schweber 1977, p. 258; see …
  • … pursuing it. The most important letters on artificial selection preserved from this period …
  • … in different countries and climates. While artificial selection occupied a prominent place in …
  • … theory. What, for example, were the implications of natural selection for the traditional notions of …
  • … correspondence, which was mainly concerned with artificial selection, are almost the only letters in …

Begins 'Natural Selection'

Summary

Darwin begins writing his 'big book', Natural Selection. The book was never finished, but later formed the basis for On the Origin of Species

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Darwin begins writing his 'big book', Natural Selection. The book was never finished, …

Charles Darwin’s letters: a selection 1825-1859

Summary

The letters in this volume span the years from 1825, when Darwin was a student at the University of Edinburgh, to the end of 1859, when the Origin of Species was published. The early letters portray Darwin as a lively sixteen-year-old medical student. Two…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … were guided by this hypothesis, which he named ‘natural selection’. The letters show that …
  • … in the construction of the case for mutability and natural selection. In September 1855, an …
  • … describing his own independent discovery of natural selection. Lyell and Hooker, to salvage the …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, …

Review: The Origin of Species

Summary

- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…

Matches: 20 hits

  • … by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of …
  • … favored by facts will be developed and tested by ‘Natural Selection,’ the weaker ones be destroyed …
  • … the theory of the origination of species by means of Natural Selection. The ordinary and …
  • … through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence …
  • … if the doctrine of the origin of species through natural selection should prevail in our day, we …
  • … or the best mousers to propagate. Still more, by methodical selection, in recent times almost …
  • … Nature may be said to have brought about under artificial selection and separation. Could she …
  • … in Nature which in the long-run may answer to artificial selection? Mr. Darwin thinks that there is; …
  • … is variation in Nature, and therefore something for natural selection to act upon. He readily shows …
  • … with community of origin, and explained through natural selection or in any other way, we are ready …
  • … be supported. In applying his principle of natural selection to the work in hand, Mr. Darwin …
  • … diverged into species and genera through  natural selection ; that natural selection is the …
  • … We cannot do justice to the interesting chapter upon natural selection by separated extracts. The …
  • … preservation I have called, for the sake of brevity, Natural Selection.’—(pp. 126, 127.) ‘In …
  • … the fleetness of his greyhounds by careful and methodical selection, or by that unconscious …
  • … of genera, families, orders, and even classes, by natural selection. He does ‘not doubt that the …
  • … to show how sterility might be acquired, through natural selection or through something else. And …
  • … to the conditions of existence is the result of natural selection; unity of type, of unity of …
  • … natural explanations fail. The organs being given, natural selection may account for some …
  • … as may be required—but to maintain that Natural Selection, in explaining the facts, explains also …

Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II

Summary

The most forceful and persistent critic of the term ‘natural selection’ was the co-discoverer of the process itself, Alfred Russel Wallace.  Wallace seized on Herbert Spencer’s term ‘survival of the fittest’, explicitly introduced as an alternative way of…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … This term is the plain expression of the facts,—Nat. selection is a metaphorical expression of it …
  • … 2 July 1866 )   Continued from ' Natural Selection: the trouble with …
  • … introduced as an alternative way of expressing 'natural selection' in the October 1864 …
  • … neatly crossing through every occurrence of ‘natural selection’ and pencilling ‘survival of the …
  • … and impassioned letter in support of replacing ‘natural selection’ with ‘survival of the fittest’ in …
  • … he wrote, detailing a number of instances where ‘natural selection’ had been taken to assume an …
  • … or at all, the self acting & necessary effects of Nat Selection, that I am led to conclude that …
  • … he altered the chapter heading in Origin from ‘Natural selection’ to ‘Natural selection or …
  • … often use ‘survival of the fittest’ alongside ‘natural selection’, he argued that it was too late to …
  • … Spencer, 10 June [1872] ). By this time ‘natural selection’ had been so widely used that, …

Darwin in letters, 1856-1857: the 'Big Book'

Summary

In May 1856, Darwin began writing up his 'species sketch’ in earnest. During this period, his working life was completely dominated by the preparation of his 'Big Book', which was to be called Natural selection. Using letters are the main…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … never relinquishing the belief that his theory of natural selection could explain the structure of …
  • … before the public. His book was to be called  Natural selection . Determined as he was to …
  • … in the School of Mines in London. Natural Selection Not all of Darwin’s manuscript …
  • … on pigeons, were intended to provide an illustration of how selection might work in nature ( letter …
  • … Asking questions; getting answers Since natural selection could not act without varieties to …
  • … that variation, providing abundant raw material for natural selection, led to adaptation and thence …
  • … direct competitor or about to pre-empt his views on natural selection. All the available material …
  • … took this opportunity to explain his theory of natural selection to Lyell. Yet the suggestion of …

Rewriting Origin - the later editions

Summary

For such an iconic work, the text of Origin was far from static. It was a living thing that Darwin continued to shape for the rest of his life, refining his ‘one long argument’ through a further five English editions.  Many of his changes were made in…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … published, but which he had intended to call 'Natural Selection ' ), and assumed …
  • … reference to whales and bears . Even the term 'natural selection' came under fire , …
  • … as he explained to Wyman was in suggesting how natural selection could operate on colour, a …
  • … 'that you do not understand what I mean by Natural Selection' : whether the term …
  • … away for the 4 th edition, and his use of natural selection to explain mimicry in butterflies …
  • … objections recently raised against the theory of Natural Selection. (With a glossary of scientific …

Darwin in letters, 1869: Forward on all fronts

Summary

At the start of 1869, Darwin was hard at work making changes and additions for a fifth edition of  Origin. He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he spent forty-six days on the task. Much of the…

Matches: 14 hits

  • … He may have resented the interruption to his work on sexual selection and human evolution, but he …
  • … and revising chapters for  The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex  ( Descent ), …
  • … to  Origin  was a response to a critique of natural selection by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli, a Swiss …
  • … for his personal use. While not entirely dismissing natural selection, Nägeli had assigned it an …
  • … critique inspired many to reassess their support for natural selection (see Cittadino 1990, pp. 122 …
  • … while the function of leaves could be modified by natural selection, their arrangement, which he …
  • … on  Descent . He continued to receive material on sexual selection in various species from Britain …
  • … was in sight. He was now polishing his chapters on sexual selection, and beginning to choose the …
  • … in 1872, more than a year after  Descent . Natural selection and humans: differences with …
  • … first time  on some limitations to the power of natural selection. [These] are the expression of a …
  • … of language – could not have evolved through natural selection, because they conferred no advantage …
  • … about his co-authorship of the theory of descent by natural selection: ‘you are the only man I ever …
  • … 1869 was focused on questions of human evolution and sexual selection, he continued to pursue his …
  • … modern naturalist; author of the “Theory of Natural Selection”’. Darwin was full of praise …

Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex

Summary

The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…

Matches: 18 hits

  • … to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection. In  Origin , pp. 87 …
  • … to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1864, Darwin claimed that sexual selection was ‘the most powerful means …
  • … 28 [May 1864] ). Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent played a …
  • … volumes, nearly two-thirds of which was devoted to sexual selection in the animal kingdom. Darwin …
  • … resumed the systematic collection of materials on sexual selection, and he asked Weir to ‘call to …
  • … ( letter to J. J. Weir, 30 May [1868] ). Sexual selection On 11 February , Darwin …
  • … as contests between males, were the driving forces of sexual selection (see  Descent  1: 262). He …
  • … and vigourous male’ irrespective of colour. Sexual selection v. natural selection: the debate …
  • … been made less conspicuous through the operation of natural selection. Darwin resumed the debate …
  • … am undergoing severe distress about the protection & sexual selection: this morning I oscillated …
  • … alluding to the great expansion of his manuscript on sexual selection, replied on 23 September , …
  • … Darwin and Wallace about the power and limits of natural selection were further underscored in a …
  • … outcome of complex factors, not the direct result of natural selection ( Variation  2: 185–9). …
  • … a formidable weapon in the hands of the enemies of Nat. Selection’ ( letter from A. R. Wallace, 8 …
  • … and enclosed an essay applying Darwin’s theory of natural selection to the study of mosses. The …
  • … his supporters, notably Asa Gray, seemed to render natural selection superfluous. Gray had …
  • … Edinburgh newspaper maintained that Gray could show natural selection to be simply ‘an instrument in …
  • … who supplied Darwin with much information on sexual selection, commented on 21 February 1868 : …

New material added to the American edition of Origin

Summary

A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…

Matches: 19 hits

  • … New material added to chapter 4 on ‘Natural selection’ ( ibid ., pp. 116*–121*) The …
  • … a long discussion in response to early criticisms of natural selection (especially that given by …
  • … and the latter process he attributes to man’s power of selection. But he does not show how selection
  • … introductory remarks to this volume, the theory of Natural Selection is promulgated. In June, …
  • … response to early criticisms of the operation of natural selection]. A distinguished …
  • … prey; therefore it would not have been produced by natural selection. Fourthly, when any species …
  • … an indefinite augmentation of specific forms. Natural Selection acts, as we have seen, …
  • … as the best standard of highness of organisation, natural selection will clearly lead towards …
  • … towards specialisation is within the scope of natural selection. On the other hand, we can see, …
  • … the economy of nature, that it is quite possible for natural selection gradually to fit an organic …
  • … organized productions offers no difficulty; for natural selection includes no necessary and …
  • … it were no advantage, these forms would be left by natural selection unimproved or but little …
  • … favourable variations may never have arisen for natural selection to act on and accumulate. In no …
  • … modification might be effected (with the aid of natural selection) more abruptly than I am inclined …
  • … ‘‘there is a power,’’ insert in brackets: [natural selection] Page 170, 5 twenty-first …
  • … of parts or organs is an advantage to each being, so natural selection will constantly tend thus to …
  • … general manner we can see that, on the theory of natural selection, the more recent forms will tend …
  • … of organs, modern forms ought, on the theory of natural selection, to stand higher than ancient …
  • … they should be referred; and on the principle of natural selection with divergence of character, it …

The whale-bear

Summary

Darwin came to regard ‘bear’ as a ‘word of ill-omen’.  In the first edition of Origin he told the story of a black bear seen swimming for hours with its mouth wide open scooping insects from the water ‘like a whale’. He went on to imagine that natural…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … water ‘like a whale’. He went on to imagine that natural selection might produce increasingly …
  • … by use; I referred here exclusively to the “natural selection” of bigger & bigger mouths because …
  • … membrane, or the seal its flipper, by use, but by natural selection. Charles Lyell suggested …
  • … , but although Darwin cut the speculation about natural selection, he left in the description of the …
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