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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Darwin Correspondence Project
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Darwin And Evolution

Summary

What is evolution? What did Darwin discover and how did he come to his conclusions?

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  • … Activities give an introduction to Charles Darwin and his theories of evolution. Specimens brought …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

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  • … fertile with their own pollen. He set out to compare several generations of cross and self …
  • … changes in the degree of self-fertility over subsequent generations. In June 1869, Müller remarked, …
  • … exotic plants which have been raised by seed during many generations in England, but which are not …
  • … By this time he had already recorded results with several generations of some more common garden …
  • … that no evil effects w d  be visible until after several generations of self fertilisation; but …
  • … crossed & self-fertilised plants during several successive generations’ ( To Federico Delpino, …
  • … In the meantime, he continued his experiments on further generations of crossed and self fertilised …
  • … the results of his experiments comparing growth over several generations in several different …

Emma Darwin

Summary

Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and youngest child of Josiah Wedgwood II and Bessy Allen. Her father was the eldest son of the famous pottery manufacturer, Josiah Wedgwood I. Her mother was one…

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  • … Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife and first cousin, was born Emma Wedgwood, the eighth and …

4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon

Summary

< Back to Introduction A drawing of Darwin by André Gill borrows a satirical trope found in The Hornet, Fun and Punch, showing him with a large caricatured head joined to the body of an ape. However, La Lune Rousse is distinctively French in…

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  • … and superstition would no longer poison the minds of future generations: ‘ Hip ! Hurrah ! …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

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  • … and neglect doing any good.’ Pleasure through generations As the year’s end approached …
  • … which he hoped would be ‘continued through yet many generations!’ Although Darwin had spent much of …

1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait

Summary

< Back to Introduction Few likenesses of Darwin in his youth survive, although more may once have existed. In a letter of 1873 an old Shrewsbury friend, Arthur Mostyn Owen, offered to send Darwin a watercolour sketch of him, painted many years…

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  • … Hensleigh Wedgwood, The Wedgwood Circle 1730–1897: Four Generations of a Family (London: Studio …

Abstract of Darwin’s theory

Summary

There are two extant versions of the abstract of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. One was sent to Asa Gray on 5 September 1857, enclosed with a letter of the same date (see Correspondence vol. 6, letter to Asa Gray, 5 September [1857] and enclosure).…

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  • … should go on selecting for one end 12  during millions of generations, who will say what he might …
  • … must have been during this period, millions on millions of generations. (3)   I think it can …
  • … disseminated &c &c, I cannot doubt that during millions of generations individuals of a …

New material added to the American edition of Origin

Summary

A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…

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  • … connected with the vital forces, tending in the course of generations to modify organic structures …
  • … that monstrosities were even propagated for a succession of generations in a state of nature, …

Darwin in letters, 1880: Sensitivity and worms

Summary

‘My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in this world,’ Darwin wrote to his old Shrewsbury friend Henry Johnson on 14 November 1880. Darwin became fully devoted to earthworms in the spring of the year, just after finishing the manuscript of…

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  • … and memories of his grandfather passed down over several generations. He continued to receive …
  • … strong. … As evolution depends on a long succession of generations, which implies death, it seems to …

Interview with Pietro Corsi

Summary

Pietro Corsi is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Oxford. His book Evolution Before Darwin is due to be published in 2010 by Oxford University Press. Date of interview: 17 July 2009 Transcription 1: Introduction …

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  • … oriented. That is, he believed that spontaneous generations and the ascent of life through …
  • … theory like that. So, for Bory de Saint-Vincent, sponteneous generations are similar to chemical …

2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum

Summary

< Back to Introduction Henry Richard Hope Pinker’s life-size statue of Darwin was installed in the Oxford University Museum on 14 June 1899. It was the latest in a series of statues of great scientific thinkers, the ‘Founders and Improvers of Natural…

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  • … likeness’ of Darwin’s face would be an inspiration to generations of Oxford students.    The …

The geology of the Beagle voyage

Summary

The primary concern that linked much of Darwin’s geological work in the Beagle years was to understand the changing relation between the levels of land and sea. As he studied the shores of South America, and discovered shells inland at thousands of feet…

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  • … to the formation of coral reefs.  For the previous two generations, geologists and navigators had …

Review: The Origin of Species

Summary

- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…

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  • … which succeed each other in alternate and very dissimilar generations. So that mere analogy might …
  • … first tamed an animal, whether it would vary in succeeding generations, and whether it would endure …
  • … of nature, and could be made to breed for an equal number of generations under domestication, they …
  • … minds slight differences accumulated during many successive generations. May not those naturalists …
  • … poultry of various breeds, for almost an infinite number of generations, would be opposed to all …

Essay: Design versus necessity

Summary

—by Asa Gray DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY.—DISCUSSION BETWEEN TWO READERS OF DARWIN’S TREATISE ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, UPON ITS NATURAL THEOLOGY. (American Journal of Science and Arts, September, 1860) D.T.—Is Darwin’s theory atheistic or pantheistic…

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  • … theory be true. Working on, in this way, through countless generations, the eye is at last formed in …
  • … not by creation, and through a long succession of generations or deflections. Wherefore, if the …
  • … with unerring skill all the improvements, through countless generations,” until at length it is …

Inheritance

Summary

It was crucial to Darwin’s theories of species change that naturally occurring variations could be inherited.  But at the time when he wrote Origin, he had no explanation for how inheritance worked – it was just obvious that it did.  Darwin’s attempt to…

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  • … They could also lie dormant 'for a thousand or ten-thousand generations' before …

2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge

Summary

< Back to Introduction In June 1909 the University of Cambridge, Darwin’s alma mater, staged an international event to mark the centenary of his birth and the fifty years’ anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species. Over four hundred…

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  • … trusted that it would ‘convey to this and future generations of Cambridge students some impression …

2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM

Summary

< Back to Introduction Edgar Boehm’s marble statue of Darwin in the Natural History Museum was commissioned by the committee of the Darwin Memorial Fund. This body had been set up by Darwin’s friends after his death in 1882, with the aim of providing…

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  • … writer thought that Darwin seemed to ‘welcome all coming generations of students as they enter the …

Sexual selection

Summary

Although natural selection could explain the differences between species, Darwin realised that (other than in the reproductive organs themselves) it could not explain the often marked differences between the males and females of the same species.  So what…

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  • … beauty', influenced the appearance and behaviour of future generations of males. The effects …

Natural selection

Summary

How do new species arise?  This was the ancient question that Charles Darwin tackled soon after returning to England from the Beagle voyage in October 1836. Darwin realised a crucial (and cruel) fact: far more individuals of each species were born than…

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  • … allow only those to produce offspring.  Continued over many generations, this process could produce …

Francis Galton

Summary

Galton was a naturalist, statistician, and evolutionary theorist. He was a second cousin of Darwin’s, having descended from his grandfather, Erasmus. Born in Birmingham in 1822, Galton studied medicine at King’s College, London, and also read mathematics…

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  • … He studied cases of twins and intellectual ability across generations in families, and came to …
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