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Cross and self fertilisation
Summary
The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…
Matches: 14 hits
- … The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom , published on 10 November …
- … the most emphatic manner, that she abhors perpetual self-fertilisation’ ( Orchids , p. 359). In …
- … Darwin observed had flowers with adaptations to prevent self fertilisation, many of these were …
- … immediately after the flower opened, resulting in self fertilisation; his earlier results were thus …
- … 1 December 1866 ). Darwin’s interest was piqued and he described the case as ‘extremely curious’ ( …
- … w d be visible until after several generations of self fertilisation; but now I see that one …
- … pollen-grains (for the tubes penetrate own stigma) causing fertilisation when these are taken from …
- … plant, though later in the season it becomes capable of self-fertilisation’ ( To J. D. Hooker, 23 …
- … ). Darwin, in turn, had found Müller’s book on the fertilisation of flowers of great interest and …
- … and male individuals, the latter aiding in the cross-fertilisation of the former’. The comparison …
- … Pedicino and Orazio Comes, who had published papers on fertilisation in which they merely inferred …
- … conditions in which the flower colour often changed in each generation. Darwin suspected ‘that the …
- … the more sober and cautious The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom …
- … ‘well satisfied’, adding, ‘I am rejoiced about the Fertilisation as I did not expect that more than …
Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life
Summary
1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time. And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth. All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…
Matches: 20 hits
- … Darwin working on the first draft of his book on the cross- and self-fertilisation of plants, and …
- … Amy, had settled in as his father’s botanical assistant, and their close working relationship is …
- … was away from Down. The usual rhythm of visits with family and friends took place against the …
- … was finishing work on the second edition of Orchids and checking the page-proofs of Cross and …
- … year anticipating the birth of the first member of the next generation of the family, with Francis …
- … sought solace for the loss of his beloved daughter-in-law and relief from his anxiety about Francis. …
- … was seen by Darwin as the companion to Cross and self fertilisation , which provided evidence for …
- … During a two-week holiday after finishing Cross and self fertilisation , Darwin took up the …
- … of 1876 I shall publish on the “Effects of Cross & Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom”. …
- … natural selection was not a ‘sufficient agency’ for the generation of consciousness. The …
- … friends Despite being busy drafting Cross and self fertilisation , Darwin did not forget …
- … because new individuals could be produced only from sexual generation and not from self-division. …
- … finished the first draft of his book on cross- and self-fertilisation and began work on the second …
- … copied three hundred pages of the draft of Cross and self fertilisation , and, unlike a …
- … in Darwin’s calculations. Cross- and self-fertilisation To demonstrate the …
- … statistical analysis (later published in Cross and self fertilisation ) was a revelation. ‘I am …
- … his own work by sending Francis proofs of Cross and self fertilisation to check and suggesting …
- … made the final corrections to the proofs of Cross and self fertilisation . ‘I am so sick of …
- … not advise his publisher how many copies of Cross and self fertilisation should be printed. The …
- … a young German journalist eager to review Cross and self fertilisation , was also told that the …
Inheritance
Summary
It was crucial to Darwin’s theories of species change that naturally occurring variations could be inherited. But at the time when he wrote Origin, he had no explanation for how inheritance worked – it was just obvious that it did. Darwin’s attempt to…
Matches: 9 hits
- … when they involve a certain portion of incompleteness, and even of error.' Under this point of …
- … was published in 1868 in his book, Variation of animals and plants under domestication, and …
- … it generally tends to be inherited, at least in a temporary and sometimes in a most persistent …
- … means by which characters of all kinds are transmitted from generation to generation’ ( Variation …
- … minute granules shed by the different parts of an organism and dispersed throughout its system. …
- … “See this wonderful anticipation of our modern Theories—and that stupid ass, Huxley, prevented his …
- … J. D. Hooker, 23 February '1868] ) And took comfort in the support he …
- … of a difficulty that has always been haunting me,—and I shall never be able to give it up till a …
- … general discussion of heredity in nineteenth-century science and medicine. …
Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments
Summary
1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…
Matches: 18 hits
- … only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms …
- … expanded on it, Thomas Henry Huxley gave lectures about it, and Henry Walter Bates invoked it to …
- … a good right to be so’ ( letter from J. D. Hooker, [15 and] 20 November [1862] ). I …
- … of Origin , a German translation of Orchids , and impatiently awaited the publication of …
- … while he worked on ‘Dimorphic condition in Primula ’ and Orchids ; it suffered a further …
- … his attention to Variation . Huxley, species, and sterility The year began with a …
- … in this if I mistake not I go further than you do yourself) and … when these experiments have been …
- … basis' The issue arose again when, through November and December, Huxley delivered a …
- … Edinburgh Botanic Garden, began writing long, intelligent, and informative letters, Darwin, …
- … 12 [December 1862] ). Two sexual forms: Primula and Linum Darwin’s views on …
- … read before the Linnean Society of London in November 1861, and was published in the society’s …
- … paper, Darwin repeated his crosses through a second generation, both to test his previous year’s …
- … indications that a species had more than one flower form, and writing to botanists asking for …
- … he mentioned his work on ‘one of the Melastomas’ and his suspicion that ‘the two sets of anthers’ …
- … in the Melastomataceae, Gray obligingly sending specimens and getting one of his students to make …
- … seeds of Monochætum!!’ By October, Darwin was flagging and declared to Gray: ‘I am utterly routed, …
- … of his books Forms of flowers and Cross and self fertilisation . One set of …
- … me how nearly all parts of the flower are coadapted for fertilisation by insects, & therefore …
Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad
Summary
At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…
Matches: 23 hits
- … working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication , …
- … accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments, and continuing a massive scientific …
- … write briefly’ ( letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863] ), and in a letter of 23 [June 1863] he …
- … Darwin did continue his botanical pursuits over the summer, and persevered with his work on …
- … a course of the water-cure. The treatment was not effective and Darwin remained ill for the rest of …
- … books by his friends Charles Lyell, the respected geologist, and Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist …
- … the detailed anatomical similarities between humans and apes, Darwin was full of praise. He …
- … of ape ancestry for prevailing views of human dignity and intelligence, exclaiming to Huxley: ‘I …
- … scientific circles following the publication of Lyell’s and Huxley’s books. Three years …
- … beings were ‘in the same predicament with other animals’ and that he had made this suggestion in …
- … commonly accepted was based on recent discoveries in England and France of primitive stone tools in …
- … earlier in the century. Lyell’s Antiquity of man and Huxley’s Evidence as to man’s place in …
- … association with bones from animals like the woolly mammoth and cave bear ( see letter from Jacques …
- … the jaw was a forgery, publications in learned journals and the press during the first half of 1863 …
- … origin of species particularly dismayed Darwin. In the first and most detailed of several letters to …
- … if Lyell had thrown doubt on the significance of variation and natural selection, if only he could …
- … Lyell, 17 March [1863] ). Public perceptions of creation, and the origin of species particularly, …
- … Darwin’s regret was profound that the colleague and friend who had first advised him in 1856 to …
- … 1863 ). In May, Darwin responded to Gray that Lyell’s and Gray’s indecision regarding change of …
- … Darwin was not alone in feeling disaffected towards Lyell and his book. In a February letter to the …
- … of the origin of life: heterogeny, or the spontaneous generation of species from non-living matter; …
- … for his assertion that nature ‘abhors perpetual self-fertilisation’ ( Orchids , p. 359); he had …
- … later, and of Forms of flowers and Cross and self fertilisation , both published in the 1870s …
Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics
Summary
On 7 January 1860, John Murray published the second edition of Darwin’s Origin of species, printing off another 3000 copies to satisfy the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. It wasn't long, however, before ‘the…
Matches: 23 hits
- … the demands of an audience that surprised both the publisher and the author. One week later Darwin …
- … ). By May, with the work continuing to sell well in England and with editions out in the United …
- … to Asa Gray, 22 May [1860] ). Origin : reactions and reviews But it was the …
- … wanted: Thomas Henry Huxley, William Benjamin Carpenter, and Joseph Dalton Hooker. Others were not …
- … to Hooker after reading an early notice that gave ‘good and well deserved raps’ on his discussion of …
- … geographical distribution, classification, homology, and embryology—which were inexplicable by the …
- … consisting of direct induction, ratiocination, and then verification. Darwin and his critics …
- … correspondents, such as his cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood and Heinrich Georg Bronn, expressed their …
- … this point was a ‘most serious omission’ in his book and explained how natural selection did not …
- … powerful potential ally. Indeed, the letters between Darwin and Lyell are some of the most …
- … Andrew Murray challenged the explanation of the origin and distribution of blind cave animals. …
- … species change, how natural selection could ever alter and improve various ‘simple’ protozoans that …
- … contemporary naturalists the greatest conceptual difficulty, and theological discomfort. After …
- … between artificial selection among domestic varieties and natural selection in a lecture before the …
- … likely to come from studies of crossing among plant species and varieties than from animal breeding. …
- … to new species, Darwin found Huxley’s lecture irritating and ultimately considered it more a failure …
- … to reasoning As Darwin himself well recognised and fully anticipated in Origin , …
- … of transitional or intermediate forms between related groups and the vast time required for one or …
- … R. Wallace, 18 May 1860 ). Darwin began to tabulate (and categorise) his various followers …
- … four zoologists or palaeontologists, two physiologists, and five botanists ( see letter to J. D. …
- … for he found them somewhat ‘staggered’ by his theory—and once staggered, he believed, it was only a …
- … of his theory that would help to ‘stagger’ the new generation of naturalists, who Darwin felt were …
- … twenty years, Darwin had observed the role of insects in the fertilisation of plants. In the spring …
Darwin in letters, 1858-1859: Origin
Summary
The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a quiet rural existence filled with steady work on his ‘big book’ on species, he was jolted into action by the arrival of an unexpected letter from Alfred Russel Wallace…
Matches: 15 hits
- … The years 1858 and 1859 were, without doubt, the most momentous of Darwin’s life. From a …
- … This letter led to the first announcement of Darwin’s and Wallace’s respective theories of organic …
- … discussed in publications as diverse as The Times and the English Churchman , and Darwin …
- … of close friends like Charles Lyell, Joseph Dalton Hooker, and Thomas Henry Huxley, who each, in his …
- … 1859] ). This transformation in Darwin’s personal world and the intellectual turmoil that his …
- … January 1858 to prepare the next chapter, ‘Mental powers and the instincts of animals’, sorting …
- … in birds, Darwin intended to discuss many other instincts and show how they could be accounted for …
- … or the humble-bee Bombus . This led him to observe and experiment with the process of …
- … the Beagle voyage; on his brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin; and his son William. Even his apiarian …
- … statistical comparisons of the number of varieties in large and small genera was erroneous, he …
- … were equally attentive in recording varieties in large and small genera. Darwin put the point to …
- … big book and the abstract dealt with the subject of cross-fertilisation in nature. For several years …
- … work on this topic, entitled ‘On the agency of bees in the fertilisation of papilionaceous flowers …
- … presented the evidence for his belief that occasional cross-fertilisation was a ‘law of nature’ and …
- … Darwin came to believe that only those who were of his generation or younger would be fully …