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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Floral Dimorphism

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … friends and their networks. Darwin’s findings on floral dimorphism were eventually published in 1877 …
  • … the entire packet of reading materials here: Floral Dimorphism Source Pack …
  • … Letters Letter Packet: Floral Dimorphism Letter 3468 - Darwin to JD …
  • … with Asa Gray’s politics. He mentions his work on floral dimorphism and the appearance of his new …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … His goal now was ‘ making out the meaning of the dimorphism ’. Two months later, he told Daniel …
  • … by Darwin. Before Darwin began writing his paper on dimorphism in Linum , he reformulated …
  • … forms. ‘I do not at present like the term “Diœcio-dimorphism”’, he explained to Gray, ‘ for I think …
  • … indirect light’ In light of his research on dimorphism and trimorphism, Darwin was able to …
  • … stigma ’. Darwin had introduced the concept of functional dimorphism in in ‘Two forms in species of …
  • … at Kew yet more genera where there were indications of dimorphism, but added, ‘I will rank no plant …

Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments

Summary

1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … escalated throughout 1862 as he searched for other cases of dimorphism. Towards the end of the year, …
  • … he wrote to Asa Gray thanking him for some ‘new cases of Dimorphism’, and added, ‘new cases are …
  • … to write to Gray throughout the year about his quest for dimorphism in the Melastomataceae, Gray …
  • … subject, telling Oliver: ‘I can see at least 3 classes of dimorphism’ ( letter to Daniel Oliver, 12 …
  • … to publication. Many years earlier, Darwin had observed dimorphism in  Linum flavum ,but had ‘at …
  • … through which Darwin groaningly trawled seeking cases of dimorphism, produced another profitable …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … in the detailed observations involved in the study of dimorphism by collecting and measuring flower …
  • … disclose his delight in discovering the ‘splendid case of Dimorphism’ in  Menyanthes  ( letter …
  • … Darwin remained convinced that the general advantage of dimorphism in plants was that it assured the …
  • … Scott’s skills in experimental work, and an interest in dimorphism and heredity that was scarcely …
  • … British botanists to discuss Darwin’s studies of dimorphism and hybridity publicly, and he compared …

Darwin in letters, 1861: Gaining allies

Summary

The year 1861 marked an important change in the direction of Darwin’s work. He had weathered the storm that followed the publication of Origin, and felt cautiously optimistic about the ultimate acceptance of his ideas. The letters from this year provide an…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Drosera  and other insectivorous plants. His interest in dimorphism, awakened in 1860 following …
  • … flower forms  Primula , he began with the hypothesis that dimorphism in the length of stamens was …

Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours

Summary

Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … , an expansion and reworking of five papers on sexual dimorphism and trimorphism that he had written …
  • … plants. This waxy coating on the leaves and fruit was, like dimorphism, a well-known botanical …

2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM

Summary

< Back to Introduction Edgar Boehm’s marble statue of Darwin in the Natural History Museum was commissioned by the committee of the Darwin Memorial Fund. This body had been set up by Darwin’s friends after his death in 1882, with the aim of providing…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … variation and adaptation, animal behaviour, sexual dimorphism, protective colouring, mimicry etc. to …

Universities

Summary

Letters as a primary source [[{"fid":"493","view_mode":"default","type":"media","link_text":null,"attributes":{"height":600,"width":600,"class…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … on. Explore barnacles to earthworms, biogeography to floral dimorphism, through selected letters and …

Lydia Becker

Summary

Becker was a leading member of the suffrage movement, perhaps best known for publishing the Women’s Suffrage Journal. She was also a successful biologist, astronomer and botanist and, between 1863 and 1877, an occasional correspondent of Charles Darwin. …

Matches: 1 hits

  • … also sent detailed observations for Darwin's work on plant dimorphism. In return, Darwin …

Darwin in letters,1866: Survival of the fittest

Summary

The year 1866 began well for Charles Darwin, as his health, after several years of illness, was now considerably improved. In February, Darwin received a request from his publisher, John Murray, for a new edition of  Origin. Darwin got the fourth…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … of transmutation. These included his own work on botanical dimorphism and trimorphism, published …
  • … in the spring and summer to continue botanical researches on dimorphism and dichogamy. As he …
  • … a North American species presented ‘an initial state of dimorphism’ (Correspondence vol. 9, letter …
  • … floras, Darwin’s  Orchids  and papers on botanical dimorphism, Bates’s and Wallace’s work on …
  • … Müller to make thorough and detailed observations of dimorphism and trimorphism not only in  Oxalis …

1877 letters now online

Summary

Flowers, bloom, a son married . . . and a suspended monkey in Cambridge at Darwin's honorary LLD ceremony. The transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin's life in 1877…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … coating on the leaves and fruit of some plants was, like dimorphism, a well-known botanical …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Darwin continued to discuss now familiar topics such as dimorphism and trimorphism, self-sterility, …
  • … about expression, Fritz continued to add observations on dimorphism and trimorphism and reported on …

Discussion Questions and Essay Questions

Summary

There are a wide range of possibilities for opening discussion and essay writing on Darwin’s correspondence.  We have provided a set of sample discussion questions and essay questions, each of which focuses on a particular topic or correspondent in depth.…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … on experimental practice? [John Scott and sexual dimorphism (1862), Fritz Müller and climbing plants …

Diagrams and drawings in letters

Summary

Over 850 illustrations from the printed volumes of The Correspondence of Charles Darwin have been added to the online transcripts of the letters. The contents include maps, diagrams, drawings, sketches and photographs, covering geological, botanical,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Palaeolithic period,  4 March 1878 C. B. Clarke's dimorphism in  Rubiaceae  with …

Fritz Müller

Summary

Fritz Müller, a German who spent most of his life in political exile in Brazil, described Darwin as his second father, and Darwin's son, Francis, wrote that, although they never met 'the correspondence with Müller, which continued to the close of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … certain species of crustaceans with his own work on floral dimorphism, and informed him that he had …

Alfred Russel Wallace

Summary

Wallace was a leading Victorian naturalist, with wide-ranging interests from biogeography and evolutionary theory to spiritualism and politics. He was born in 1823 in Usk, a small town in south-east Wales, and attended a grammar school in Hertford. At the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … lively debate on the origins of hybrid sterility and sexual dimorphism, the role of sexual selection …

Darwin in letters, 1881: Old friends and new admirers

Summary

In May 1881, Darwin, one of the best-known celebrities in England if not the world, began writing about all the eminent men he had met. He embarked on this task, which formed an addition to his autobiography, because he had nothing else to do. He had…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … before (when he supposed the phenomenon  to be a form of dimorphism), to see whether his …

Darwin in letters, 1844–1846: Building a scientific network

Summary

The scientific results of the Beagle voyage still dominated Darwin's working life, but he broadened his continuing investigations into the nature and origin of species. Far from being a recluse, Darwin was at the heart of British scientific society,…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … the shell of the mollusc,  Concholepas . Unusual sexual dimorphism, with the male virtually a …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … coadaptation. The cross-pollination of orchids, as well as dimorphism in other flowers, provided …

Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots

Summary

Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Society of London of an essay by Müller on sexual dimorphism and a view of mimicry (later known as …
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