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Darwin Correspondence Project

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Darwin's 1876 letters online

Summary

Birth, tragic death . . . and cardigan jackets. To mark the 211th anniversary of Darwin's birth, we have released online the transcripts and footnotes of over 460 letters written to and from him in 1876 and a supplement of 180 letters written before…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … I am now getting ready a book on the advantages of crossing, which will be a sort of complement to …

Darwin in letters, 1864: Failing health

Summary

On receiving a photograph from Charles Darwin, the American botanist Asa Gray wrote on 11 July 1864: ‘the venerable beard gives the look of your having suffered, and … of having grown older’.  Because of poor health, Because of poor health, Darwin…

Matches: 6 hits

  • … him to carry out tasks like counting seeds of  Lythrum , crossing cowslips with polyanthuses, and …
  • … a full conviction of the change of species is.’ Crossing experiments In addition to …
  • … Continuing from these earlier studies, in 1864 he conducted crossing experiments between different …
  • … other papers of Scott’s followed, reporting the results of crossing experiments on different species …
  • … years, Darwin consulted Charles William Crocker about his crossing experiments with hollyhocks, and …
  • … and Friedrich Hildebrand in Germany compared results of crossing experiments with a  Pulmonaria …

Cross and self fertilisation

Summary

The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, published on 10 November 1876, was the result of a decade-long project to provide evidence for Darwin’s belief that ‘‘Nature thus tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors…

Matches: 9 hits

  • … to James Moggridge to ask him to observe whether spontaneous crossing of different varieties of this …
  • … I got fresh plants, & consequently took up the effect of crossing & self-fertilising plants …
  • … in Florence kept varieties of sweet peas separated to avoid crossing ( From Federico Delpino, 18 …
  • … native Mediterranean setting. Although he continued his crossing experiments through the early …
  • … what great vigour is given to seedling plants by the crossing of their parents’ ( To Fritz Müller, …
  • … & have strength to complete it) will be on the advantages of Crossing Plants, & this will …
  • … Meehan had been a vocal opponent of Darwin’s views on crossing, and his paper, ‘Are insects any …
  • … press observations continued for 10 years on the effects of crossing plants, & I think that …
  • … inferred from observations on self fertilising plants that crossing was of little importance …

Forms of flowers

Summary

Darwin’s book The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, published in 1877, investigated the structural differences in the sexual organs of flowers of the same species. It drew on and expanded five articles Darwin had published on the…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … whether hybrid sterility was the inevitable result of crossing species. Thomas Huxley had stated …
  • … stigmas ’. Darwin had hoped to publish the results of the crossing experiments immediately, but by …
  • … 1863, when Lythrum was flowering, Darwin resumed his crossing experiments. He also wrote to …
  • … of the various crosses. For this, he turned to his earlier crossing experiments, which included some …
  • … adding this work to his book on ‘the good effects of crossing’ ( Cross and self fertilisation ), …

Orchids

Summary

Why Orchids? Darwin  wrote in his Autobiography, ‘During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that crossing played an important part in …

1877 letters now online

Summary

Flowers, bloom, a son married . . . and a suspended monkey in Cambridge at Darwin's honorary LLD ceremony. The transcripts and footnotes of over 600 letters written to and from Darwin in 1877 are now online. Read more about Darwin's life in 1877…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … , his fifth book on a botanical topic. Through extensive crossing experiments, and painstaking …
  • … number of floral structures and behaviours that facilitated crossing, especially with the aid of …

Darwin in letters, 1877: Flowers and honours

Summary

Ever since the publication of Expression, Darwin’s research had centred firmly on botany. The year 1877 was no exception. The spring and early summer were spent completing Forms of flowers, his fifth book on a botanical topic. He then turned to the…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … was only one of many adaptations that had evolved to promote crossing between individuals of the …
  • … males and females of unisexual animals. Through extensive crossing experiments, and painstaking …
  • … a number of other structures and behaviours that facilitated crossing, especially with the aid of …

Darwin in letters, 1876: In the midst of life

Summary

1876 was the year in which the Darwins became grandparents for the first time.  And tragically lost their daughter-in-law, Amy, who died just days after her son's birth.  All the letters from 1876 are now published in volume 24 of The Correspondence…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … the text. Orchids , which concentrated on the ‘means of crossing’, was seen by Darwin as the …
  • … , which provided evidence for the ‘advantages of crossing’ (letter to Asa Gray, 28 January 1876). …
  • … before a disease-free variety of potato had been produced by crossing the most pest-free varieties …
  • … self-fertilisation To demonstrate the advantages of crossing, Darwin presented the results …

Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species

Summary

Many of the dates of letters in 1856 and 1857 were based on or confirmed by reference to Darwin’s manuscript on species (DAR 8--15.1, inclusive; transcribed and published as Natural selection). This manuscript, begun in May 1856, was nearly completed by…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … On the possibility of all organic beings occasionally crossing, & on the remarkable …

Floral Dimorphism

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment Floral studies In 1877 Darwin published a book that included a series of smaller studies on botanical subjects. Titled The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, it consisted primarily of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … out of the meaning of heterostyled flowers. The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate …

Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II

Summary

The most forceful and persistent critic of the term ‘natural selection’ was the co-discoverer of the process itself, Alfred Russel Wallace.  Wallace seized on Herbert Spencer’s term ‘survival of the fittest’, explicitly introduced as an alternative way of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … his own copy of the first edition of Origin neatly crossing through every occurrence of ‘natural …

New material added to the American edition of Origin

Summary

A ‘revised and augmented’ American edition of Origin came on the market in July 1860, and was the only authorised edition available in the US until 1873. It incorporated many of the changes Darwin made to the second English edition, but still contained…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … to the action of external conditions, something to the crossing of already existing forms, and much …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … or the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Reversion, Crossing, Interbreeding, and Selection under …
  • … on dimorphism and trimorphism and reported on a series of crossing experiments with orchids. Darwin …
  • … [1867] ). Darwin was also interested in experiments crossing different species of orchids …

Darwin and Down

Summary

Charles and Emma Darwin, with their first two children, settled at Down House in the village of Down (later ‘Downe’) in Kent, as a young family in 1842.   The house came with eighteen acres of land, and a fifteen acre meadow.  The village combined the…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … to study fertilisation (in particular the effects of crossing and of self-fertilisation); …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … Correspondence  vol. 10, Appendix VI). In addition to crossing varieties of  Primula  in 1863, he …
  • … the two men discussed a multitude of botanical subjects, the crossing experiments that Scott had …
  • … and he continued to observe individuals of the same species crossing with one another in a variety …
  • … particularly when he was working on the chapter he called ‘Crossing & Sterility’ (see …
  • … discussions, completing three sections, on inheritance, crossing and sterility, and selection, by …

Darwin on childhood

Summary

On his engagement to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1838, Darwin wrote down his recollections of his early childhood.  Life. Written August–– 1838 My earliest recollection, the date of which I can approximately tell, and which must have been before…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … effect, on my memory.–– I remember, when going there crossing in the carriage a broad ford, & …

Darwin in letters, 1862: A multiplicity of experiments

Summary

1862 was a particularly productive year for Darwin. This was not only the case in his published output (two botanical papers and a book on the pollination mechanisms of orchids), but more particularly in the extent and breadth of the botanical experiments…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … year’s results, and to observe the effects of repeated crossing with own-form pollen. He also began …
  • … the nature of variation, and on how it might be affected by crossing, physical conditions, and …

Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions

Summary

Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, with full debunking below...

Matches: 1 hits

  • … Many myths have persisted about Darwin's life and work. Here are a few of the more pervasive ones, …

Origin is 160; Darwin's 1875 letters now online

Summary

To mark the 160th anniversary of the publication of Origin of species, the full transcripts and footnotes of nearly 650 letters to and from Charles Darwin in 1875 are published online for the first time. You can read about Darwin's life in 1875…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … fertilisation , summing up many years of experiments on crossing plants. I wd gladly …

Darwin’s earthquakes

Summary

Darwin experienced his first earthquake in 1834, but it was a few months later that he was really confronted with their power. Travelling north along the coast of Chile, Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, were confronted with a series of…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … he collected. Travelling on from South America and crossing back half way round the world, …
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