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Animals, ethics, and the progress of science

Summary

Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In Descent, he argued that some animals exhibited moral behaviour and had evolved mental powers analogous to conscience. He gave examples of cooperation, even…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … Darwin’s view on the kinship between humans and animals had important ethical implications. In …
  • … divide, including the affection and devotion of domestic animals for their human ‘masters’. He added …
  • … autobiographical memoir, he described how his own regard for animals had developed to a point where, …
  • … (‘Recollections’, pp. 358, 388). Darwin’s concern for animals aligned with that of many of his …
  • … and moral powers obliged them to safeguard ‘lower’ animals from needless suffering. In the …
  • … training. Darwin was clearly disturbed by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter …
  • … had worked on the nervous system of medusa, considered using animals. ‘The world will be much more …
  • … , were analogous to those performed on dogs and other animals. Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants …
  • … experiments in the Handbook recommended dogs or cats, animals much dearer to the hearts of …
  • … works, including those of Bernard, where domestic animals were readily displayed under the knife. …
  • … physiologists. Extracts from their publications showed animals (mostly dogs and rabbits) strapped to …
  • … bear to look at them, what must the suffering be to the animals who undergo the cruelties they …
  • … that physiology can progress only by experiments on living animals—Therefore the proposal to limit …
  • … of access to laboratories with costly equipment, a supply of animals, etc.. Darwin was concerned …
  • … he wrote to Huxley, ‘that experiments are made on animals without the use of anaesthetics, when they …
  • … freely and repeatedly on plants and ‘lower’ animals (e.g., worms), Darwin was now confronted with …

Darwin's Fantastical Voyage

Summary

Learn about Darwin's adventures on his epic journey.

Matches: 1 hits

  • … These activities explore Darwin’s life changing voyage aboard HMS Beagle. Using letters home, …

Vivisection: first sketch of the bill

Summary

Strictly Confidential Mem: This print is only a first sketch. It is being now recast with a new & more simple form – but the substance of the proposed measure may be equally well seen in this draft. R.B.L. | 2 586 Darwin and vivisection …

Matches: 16 hits

  • … 586 Darwin and vivisection EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS. Sketch of Bill, No. 1 …
  • … painful experiments only for research. “ 8. —Animals to be killed after painful …
  • … painful experiments to be liable for penalties of Cruelty to Animals Act. “ 10. —Penalty …
  • … persons experimenting to be not liable under Cruelty to Animals Act. “ 13. —Title of Act …
  • … Form of License. EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS Preamble. Whereas it is for the …
  • … perform, under certain restrictions, experiments upon living animals, notwithstanding that such …
  • … the attainment of the above object, the suffering caused to animals by such experiments. Be it …
  • … the conditions prescribed in this act, experiments on living animals. Mode of …
  • … or Surgery, or some one of such sciences. Animals to be killed after painful experiments …
  • … painful experiments to be liable to penalties of Cruelty to Animals Act. 9.—Any person …
  • … Licencees experimenting to be not liable under Cruelty to Animals Act. 12.—No person …
  • … Act may be cited for all purposes as “The Experiments on Animals Act, 1875.” SCHEDULE. …
  • … a licence, under the provisions of “The Experiments on Animals Act, 1875,” empowering me to make …
  • … Home Department, under the provisions of the Experiments on Animals Act, 1875, that the above-named …
  • … an application, under the provisions of the Experiments on Animals Act, 1875, accompanied by …
  • … Act, license the said M.N. to make experiments on living animals, in the manner and subject to the …

Darwin in letters,1870: Human evolution

Summary

The year 1870 is aptly summarised by the brief entry Darwin made in his journal: ‘The whole of the year at work on the Descent of Man & Selection in relation to Sex’.  Descent was the culmination of over three decades of observations and reflections on…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … after the publication of his previous book,  Variation in animals and plants under domestication.  …
  • … book in 1872 ( Expression of the emotions in man and animals ). The year was otherwise …
  • … moral sense and the comparative mental powers of humans and animals. who wd ever have …
  • … from F. P. Cobbe, 28 March [1870?] ). Humans as animals: ears Despite Cobbe’s plea, …
  • … in humans ( Descent  1: 22-3). Humans as animals: facial muscles A more troubling …

Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on varieties

Summary

The original manuscript about varieties that Wallace composed on the island of Gilolo and sent to Darwin from the neighbouring island of Ternate (Brooks 1984) has not been found. It was sent to Darwin as an enclosure in a letter (itself missing), and was…

Matches: 19 hits

  • … or their equivalents are continually acting in the case of animals also; and as animals usually …
  • … of all varieties, even of those occurring among wild animals in a state of nature, and to constitute …
  • … facts and observations as to varieties occurring among wild animals, this argument has had great …
  • … are called “permanent or true varieties,”—races of animals which continually propagate their like, …
  • … return to it, which, from the analogy of the domesticated animals, is considered to be highly …
  • … analogous to or even identical with those of domestic animals, and are governed by the same laws as …
  • … the original type, and which also produces, in domesticated animals, the tendency of varieties to …
  • … proportion that must obtain between certain groups of animals is readily seen. Large animals cannot …
  • … or nothing to do with the matter. Even the least prolific of animals would increase rapidly if …
  • … with the organization and habits of the various species of animals, and could we measure the …
  • … from the general laws which regulate the existence of animals in a state of nature, and from the …
  • … legitimate results. Let us now turn to domesticated animals, and inquire how varieties …
  • … essential difference in the condition of wild and domestic animals is this,— that among the former, …
  • … in a state of nature. If turned wild on the pampas, such animals would probably soon become extinct, …
  • … from the observation of those occurring among domestic animals. The two are so much opposed to each …
  • … the one is almost sure not to apply to the other. Domestic animals are abnormal, irregular, …
  • … changes in species have been produced by the attempts of animals to increase the development of …
  • … have not been produced or increased by the volition of those animals; but among the different …
  • … enabled to outlive them . Even the peculiar colours of many animals, especially insects, so closely …

Gaston de Saporta

Summary

The human-like qualities of great apes have always been a source of scientific and popular fascination, and no less in the Victorian period than in any other. Darwin himself, of course, marshalled similarities in physiology, behaviour and emotional…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … Man and  The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals .  But were some parallels …
  • … Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . London: John Murray, 1872. …

Darwin and vivisection

Summary

Darwin played an important role in the controversy over vivisection that broke out in late 1874. Public debate was sparked when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought an unsuccessful prosecution against a French physiologist who…

Matches: 16 hits

  • … when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals brought charges against a French …
  • … to increase public awareness about experiments on live animals in Britain. In December 1874, …
  • … hospitals, and to draft legislation that would protect animals from suffering. Darwin was …
  • … in the vivisection affair is surprising. His own research on animals relied primarily on comparative …
  • … rotundifolia , were analogous to those performed on living animals. Such work had drawn him into …
  • … was matched, however, by his deep affection for animals and antipathy to cruelty. Darwin’s fondness …
  • … a magistrate in Down, he had acted to prevent harm to work animals by local farmers and their staff …
  • … Darwin was clearly disturbed by the prospect of animals suffering for science. In a letter to E. Ray …
  • … for intellectual and emotional continuity between humans and animals, and suggested that some …
  • … traps, and drawing a parallel between the pain suffered by animals on hunting preserves and in …
  • … to our medical students to witness, operations upon living animals under anaesthetics, what ought it …
  • … knowledge. It objected to the needless infliction of pain on animals, and invited legislation to …
  • … petition contained a lengthy paragraph on the treatment of animals in human society, the pain and …
  • … An Act for the restriction of the making of experiments on animals for scientific purposes   …
  • …  A Bill to Prevent abuse and cruelty in Experiments on Animals made for the purposes of scientific …
  • … prevent cruelty and abuse in the experiments made on living animals for the purposes of promoting …

Variation under domestication

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A fascination with domestication Throughout his working life, Darwin retained an interest in the history, techniques, practices, and processes of domestication. Artificial selection, as practiced by plant and…

Matches: 1 hits

  • … two chapters on pigeons in The Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication . From …

Darwin in letters, 1867: A civilised dispute

Summary

Charles Darwin’s major achievement in 1867 was the completion of his large work, The variation of animals and plants under domestication (Variation). The importance of Darwin’s network of correspondents becomes vividly apparent in his work on expression in…

Matches: 5 hits

  • … was the completion of his large work,  The variation of animals and plants under domestication ( …
  • … into a book,  The expression of the emotions in man and animals  ( Expression ), published in …
  • … press since 1865 with the unwieldy title, ‘Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants, or the …
  • … the compositors, and so the book became  The variation of animals and plants under domestication . …
  • … the difference or similarity between people and particular animals. He also recorded the expressions …

Climbing Plants

Summary

Sources|Discussion Questions|Experiment A monograph by which to work After the publication of On the Origin of Species, Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The Descent of Man, and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … publication of On the Origin of Species , Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication …
  • … a copy of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . Darwin writes of his weak health, …

Vivisection: draft petition

Summary

The Petition of Humbly Sheweth That your petitioners are persons engaged in the study of the Biological Sciences [‘& their application to medicine’ del]. That the art of preventing & curing disease is based upon a knowledge of the nature …

Matches: 5 hits

  • … the physical & chemical processes which go on in [‘living animals’ del ] the *living body [ …
  • … it is [‘right &’ del ] lawful to inflict pain upon animals for the benefit of mankind. On …
  • … *with a view to [ added ] obtaining those, [‘such as fur animals,’ del ] which yield mere …
  • … that all the pain which ever has been inflicted upon living animals, for the sake of obtaining a …
  • … that all the pain that ever has been inflicted upon living animals for the purposes of investigation …

'An Appeal' against animal cruelty

Summary

The four-page pamphlet transcribed below and entitled 'An Appeal', was composed jointly by Emma and Charles Darwin (see letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 September 1863]). The pamphlet, which protested against the cruelty of steel vermin…

Matches: 18 hits

  • … traps were visited and the hours of suffering that trapped animals experienced. Howitt focused on …
  • … the evidence (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Annual Report, 1864, p. 32; …
  • … of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (see CD's Classed account book …
  • … be widespread: one estimate suggested that at least 10,000 animals were caught in steel traps in …
  • … Charles Darwin evidently shared her abhorrence of cruelty to animals. His sensitivity towards the …
  • … As an adult, he took pains to prevent cruelty to domestic animals, reporting a neighbouring farmer …
  • … MS)). In Descent 1: 101, he argued that sympathy for animals was one of the noblest moral …
  • … opposed to the deliberate infliction of suffering on animals. The improvement of shotguns, …
  • … of the upper and middle classes to the sufferings of animals. For these groups, kindness to animals
  • … and 1849 (see nn. 1 and 5, below) to prevent cruelty to farm animals, and to animals involved in the …
  • … owing to the general increase of humanity, and to these animals being now under the protection of …
  • … this country sanctions a system which consigns thousands of animals to acute agony, probably of …
  • … as I have had my finger caught.” 3 The smaller animals are often so fortunate as to be …
  • … on all the well-preserved estates throughout the kingdom, animals thus linger every night; and where …
  • … of no sight more sorrowful than that of these unoffending animals as they are seen in the torture …
  • … of the British Parliament will not make laws to protect animals if such laws should in any way …
  • … and general , 3 Geo. IV c. 71). On attitudes to cruelty to animals in nineteenth-century England, …
  • … several laws relating to the cruel and improper treatment of animals, 1835 ( Statutes, public and …

Darwin in letters, 1868: Studying sex

Summary

The quantity of Darwin’s correspondence increased dramatically in 1868 due largely to his ever-widening research on human evolution and sexual selection.Darwin’s theory of sexual selection as applied to human descent led him to investigate aspects of the…

Matches: 10 hits

  • … investigate aspects of the structure and behaviour of other animals more extensively. To further …
  • … network of informants, especially among breeders of domestic animals. His contacts, old and new, …
  • … of man  and  Expression of the emotions in man and animals , the former comprising two volumes, …
  • … generated by the long-awaited publication of  Variation in animals and plants under domestication …
  • … of a wide range of experts on different domestic animals and plants, often indicating that the …
  • … all sorts of subjects.’ The topic of variation in domestic animals seemed to prompt an outpouring of …
  • … any facts bearing on this subject with Birds, insects or any animals’. Weir showed great initiative, …
  • … few references.’ Darwin had initially thought that in most animals in which secondary sexual …
  • … Darwin also sought information on expression in animals. He was interested in whether tears were …
  • … He sent Darwin his paper on cross-species organ grafting in animals, adding ‘at least as a shade I …

Species and varieties

Summary

On the origin of species by means of natural selection …so begins the title of Darwin’s most famous book, and the reader would rightly assume that such a thing as ‘species’ must therefore exist and be subject to description. But the title continues, …or…

Matches: 3 hits

  • … Ogle sent his translation, Aristotle on the parts of animals (Ogle trans. 1882). Darwin would …
  • … when he wrote, ‘For nature passes from lifeless objects to animals in such unbroken sequence, …
  • … ed., pp. 323–6). However, by 1868, in The variation of animals and plants under domestication , …

Darwin’s reading notebooks

Summary

In April 1838, Darwin began recording the titles of books he had read and the books he wished to read in Notebook C (Notebooks, pp. 319–28). In 1839, these lists were copied and continued in separate notebooks. The first of these reading notebooks (DAR 119…

Matches: 29 hits

  • … [Anon. 1835] read Study Buffon on varieties of Domesticated animals—see if laws cannot be made out. …
  • … [Temminck 1827–41]— Has account of variation in animals in the different isl ds  of E Indian …
  • … by Rennie [Bechstein 1835] Some facts on cross-bred animals, M r  Yarrell has it?? Walker …
  • … meeting at Oxford. paper by L d  Spencer on gestation of animals [Spencer 1840]. read All …
  • … Advertised . David Low “Treatise on Domestic Animals”; also Illustrations of the Domestic animals
  • … Youatt ‘Essay on the Obligations of man to the inferior animals’ [Youatt 1839] discusses their minds …
  • … paper describes  anomalies  in muscles & bones of man & animals.— (Read) Buckland …
  • … Newby [Blofeld 1844]. Athenæum says account of domestic animals. Boston Nat: Hist: Soc: …
  • … Columbidæ (Pigeons.) [Selby 1835] 11. Ruminating Animals (Deer, Antelopes, &c.) [Jardine …
  • … Comparative Osteology. Morphology of  Vertebrate  animals 54 folio Plates. Maclise 2”12.6. …
  • … on Instinct [Wells 1834] Cline on the breeding of animals [Cline 1829] Spallanzani’s …
  • … of Religion [Hume 1757] Swainson Geograph. Distrib of Animals [Swainson 1835] I see Swainsons …
  • … skimmed parts; ought to be studied for comparison of man & animals—derives all from sympathy …
  • … Wanderings [Waterton 1825] 15. Low’s Domesticated Animals [D. Low 1845]. 30. Webb & …
  • … old) (read) all Leidy, a Flora & Fauna within living Animals [Leidy 1853]. (Read) …
  • … important 92 The Geographical Distrib. of Plants & Animals by C. Pickering Chapman …
  • … Agricultural Report for J. Wilson origin of Domestic animals. 94 Lloyd Scandinavian …
  • … of New York ] by looking at index— about breeding of animals— Sir J. Lubbock. member …
  • … Low’s  Illustrations of the breeds of   the domestic animals of the British Islands  would be …
  • … Jardine, a forty-volume series on the natural history of animals published in Edinburgh from 1834 to …
  • … that James Wilson’s work on the origin of domestic animals was mentioned in the Highland …
  • … Lake Superior: its physical   character, vegetation, and animals, compared with those of   other …
  • … distribution, and natural arrangement of the   races of animals, living and extinct . Part I.  …
  • … illustrative   of the manners and   economy of animals . London. [Darwin Library.]  119: 7a …
  • … Observations on the breeding and form   of domestic animals . London.  119: 4a Cobbett, …
  • … of instinct deduced   from the habits of British animals . London.  119: 21a Cowper, …
  • … the best breeds   of the most useful kinds of domestic animals.  London.  119: 7a, 13a …
  • … view of the structure, functions, and classification   of animals . 2 vols. Edinburgh. [Darwin …
  • … 1841.  A history of British starfishes, and   other animals of the class Echinodermata.  London. …

Descent

Summary

There are more than five hundred letters associated with the research and writing of Darwin’s book, Descent of man and selection in relation to sex (Descent). They trace not only the tortuous route to eventual publication, but the development of Darwin’s…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … I show that I believe man is in same predicament with other animals.— It is in fact impossible to …
  • … admiration of the passages on man’s relation to the lower animals was ‘unbounded’, and he thoroughly …
  • … he had gathered a mass of information for Variation on animals from all over the world, subjects …
  • … separately as The expression of the emotions in man and animals (1872).  ‘ As you are …

Climbing plants

Summary

Darwin’s book Climbing plants was published in 1865, but its gestation began much earlier. The start of Darwin’s work on the topic lay in his need, owing to severe bouts of illness in himself and his family, for diversions away from his much harder book on…

Matches: 2 hits

  • … book on species, eventually published as The variation of animals and plants under domestication …
  • … that this dispelled the mistaken old view ‘ that animals moved & plants did not ’.   …

Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad

Summary

At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments…

Matches: 8 hits

  • … actively working on the manuscript of  The variation of animals and plants under domestication , …
  • … that human beings were ‘in the same predicament with other animals’ and that he had made this …
  • …  in 1859, new evidence that early humans had coexisted with animals now extinct had been rapidly …
  • … the first human fossil found in association with bones from animals like the woolly mammoth and cave …
  • … intelligence appeared in a sudden leap from that of inferior animals made him ‘groan’ ( letter to …
  • … for species, pointing out that in his work on domesticated animals he had come to the conclusion …
  • … amass ‘a large body of facts’ on variation in domestic animals and plants ( Variation  1: 1). He …
  • … of his father’s strong feelings regarding torment of both animals and humans: ‘It was indeed one of …

Insectivorous plants

Summary

Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants began by accident. While on holiday in the summer of 1860, staying with his wife’s relatives in Hartfield, Sussex, he went for long walks on the heathland and became curious about the large number of insects caught by…

Matches: 4 hits

  • … substances, which were known to affect the nervous system of animals:  ‘ As yet I can make out no …
  • … of the institute performing comparative experiments on animals. After Darwin had sent Burdon …
  • … of analogous experiments on the muscle and nerve tissue of animals After a visit to Down, Burdon …
  • … the poison acted far more injuriously on the protoplasm of animals than on that of Drosera , …

Review: The Origin of Species

Summary

- by Asa Gray THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION (American Journal of Science and Arts, March, 1860) This book is already exciting much attention. Two American editions are announced, through which it will become familiar to many…

Matches: 27 hits

  • … undertaking in this respect, it is certain that plants and animals are subject from their birth to …
  • … of which we are apt to overlook from familiarity—that all animals and all plants throughout all time …
  • … . the unity of plan in otherwise highly-diversified types of animals . . . the correspondence, now …
  • … various degrees and different kinds of relationship among animals which (apparently) can have no …
  • … upon complications of structure which may be traced among animals built upon the same plan; the …
  • … . . . the community of structure in certain respects of animals otherwise entirely different, but …
  • … . the connection by series of special structures observed in animals widely scattered over the …
  • … another . . . the limitation of the range of changes which animals undergo during their growth . . . …
  • … . . . the parallelism between the order of succession of animals and plants in geological times, and …
  • … . . . the parallelism between the order of succession of animals in geological times and the changes …
  • … types , . . . the parallelism between the gradation among animals and the changes they undergo …
  • … these different series and the geographical distribution of animals, . . . the connection of all the …
  • … ’   In a word, the whole relations of animals, etc., to surrounding Nature and …
  • … and the frog, or, still better, between those distinct animals which succeed each other in alternate …
  • … and how he supports it. That the existing kinds of animals and plants, or many of them, may …
  • … physical agencies, and through the appetencies and habits of animals reacting upon their structure, …
  • … It is fair to conclude, from the observation of plants and animals in a wild as well as domesticated …
  • … to the assumption that man has chosen for domestication animals and plants having an extraordinary …
  • … prevented their domestication? I cannot doubt that if other animals and plants, equal in number to …
  • … of naturalists that the varieties of domesticated plants or animals often differ more widely than do …
  • … much; namely, that all the breeders of the various domestic animals and the cultivators of plants, …
  • … the place to consider. It is our impression that species of animals are more definitely marked than …
  • … Mr. Darwin assumes, as we have seen: i. Some variability of animals and plants in nature; 2. The …
  • … association and geographical distribution of plants and animals. In this he must be allowed to have …
  • … elephant is reckoned to be the slowest breeder of all known animals, and I have taken some pains to …
  • … cases of the astonishingly rapid increase of various animals in a state of nature, when …
  • … Still more striking is the evidence from our domestic animals of many kinds which have run wild in …
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