My dear Sir,

I am very much obliged by your letter of February the 13^th abounding with so many highly interesting facts.² Your account of the Rubiaceous plant is one of the most extraordinary that I have ever read, and I am glad you are going to publish it.³ I have long wished some one to observe the fertilization of Scævola, and you must permit me to tell you what I have observed: First for the allied genus of Leschenaultia: utterly disbelieving that it fertilizes itself, I introduced a camel-hair brush into the flower in the same way as a bee would enter, and I found that the flowers were thus fertilized, which never otherwise happens;⁴ I then searched for the stigma, and found it outside the indusium with the pollen tubes penetrating it: and I convinced D^r Hooker that botanists were quite wrong in supposing that the stigma lay inside the indusium.⁵ In Scævola microcarpa the structure is very different, for the immature stigma lies at the base within the indusium; and as the stigma grows it pushes the pollen out of the indusium and it then clings to the hairs which fringe the lips of the indusium; and when an insect enters the flower, the pollen (as I have seen) is swept from these long hairs onto the insect’s back. The stigma continues to grow, but is not apparently ready for impregnation until it is developed into two long protruding horns, at which period all the pollen has been pushed out of the indusium. But my observations are here at fault, for I did not observe the penetration of the pollen tubes. the case is almost paralell with that of lobelia.⁶ Now I hope you will get two plants of Scævola, and protect one from insects, leaving the other uncovered, and observe the result both in the number of capsules produced, and in the average number of seed in each. It would be well to fertilize half a dozen flowers under the net, to prove that the cover is not injurious to fertility.⁷

With respect to your case of Aristolochia, I think further observation would convince you that it is not fertilized only by larvæ, for in a nearly parallel case of an Arum and an Aristolochia, I found that insects flew from flower to flower.⁸ I would suggest to you to observe any cases of flowers which catch insects by their probosces, as occurs with some of the Apocyneæ, I have never been able to conceive for what purpose (if any) this is effected;⁹ at the same time, if I tempt you to neglect your Zoological work for these miscellaneous observations I shall be guilty of a great crime

To return for a moment to the indusium; how curious it is that the pollen should be thus collected in a special receptacle, afterwards to be swept out by insects’ agency!

I am surprised at what you tell me about the fewness of the flowers of your native Orchids which produce seed-capsules.¹⁰ What a contrast with our temperate European species with the exception of some sp. of Ophrys!— I now know of 3 or 4 cases of self-fertilising orchids; but all these are provided with means for an occasional cross.—¹¹ I am sorry to say D^r. Crüger is dead from a fever.—¹²

I received yesterday your paper in Bot. Zeitung on the wood of Climbing Plants:¹³ I have read as yet only your very interesting & curious remarks on the subject as bearing on the change of species;¹⁴ you have pleased me by the very high compliment which you pay to my paper.—¹⁵

I have been at work since March 1^st on a new English Edition of my Origin, of which when published I will send you a copy.¹⁶ I have much regretted the time it has cost me, as it has stopped my other work. On the other hand it will be useful for a new 3^d German Edition which is now wanted.¹⁷ I have corrected it largely & added some discussions, but not nearly so much as I wished to do, for being able to work only two hours daily, I found I sh^d. never get it finished.— I have taken some facts & views from your work “Fur Darwin”; but not one quarter of what I sh^d. have liked to have quoted.¹⁸

With the more cordial respect & thanks, Believe me my dear Sir Yours most sincerely | Ch. Darwin