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Darwin Correspondence Project

From Ernst Haeckel1   23 March 1868

Jena

23 März 68.

Hochverehrter Freund!

Soeben erhalte ich von meiner hiesigen Buchhandlung (durch Williams & Norgate) übersandt die englische Ausgabe Ihres Werkes “Variation under Domestication”, welche Sie die Güte hatten, für mich zu bestimmen.2 Den ersten Band der deutschen Ausgabe erhielt ich schon vor 3 Monaten. Denselben erhielt auch Prof. Gegenbaur von Prof. Carus geschenkt, so dass es nicht nöthig ist, ihm mein Exemplar zu geben, wie Sie in Ihrem letzten Briefe wünschten für den Fall, dass ich beide Ausgaben erhielte.3 Wenn Sie nun wünschen, dass ich die eine von beiden Ausgaben an Jemand Anderen senden soll, bitte ich mir dies zu schreiben. Im anderen Fall behalte ich sehr gern beide Editionen für mich, weil immer viele Studenten zu mir kommen, um Ihre Werke von mir zu leihen. Auch von Ihrem ersten Werke habe ich fast immer ein Exemplar verliehen, so dass ich sehr zufrieden bin, mehrere davon zu besitzen.4

Den ersten Band Ihres Werkes “Variation under Domestication” habe ich jetzt mit grossem Interesse gelesen und darin eine Fülle von trefflichen Belegen für die Vererbungs- und Anpassungs-Gesetze gefunden. Ich bewundere immer aufs Neue Ihre reichen Kentnisse, und die Geduld und Sorgfalt, mit welcher Sie seit so langer Zeit so viele Einzelheiten studirt und gesammelt haben.

Sehr begierig bin ich auf Ihr Buch über die Abstammung der Menschen.5 Ich glaube ebenfalls, dass die “Sexual Selection” dabei eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielt, und habe das auch im II Bd der gen. Morphol. angedeutet (p. 247).6 Im letzten Jahre habe ich hier 2 populäre Vorträge über “Ursprung und Stammbaum des Menschengeschlechts gehalten, welche ich Ihnen nächstens zusenden werde, sobald sie gedruckt sind.7 Mein Freund Gegenbaur interessirt sich für diese Frage jetzt sehr von ihrer osteologischen und myologischen Seite.8 Da giebt es noch sehr viel zu thun.

Was die neulich Ihnen übersandte Abhandlung über die rudimentäre Schwimmblase der Selachier betrifft, so halte ich sie desshalb für sehr wichtig, weil ich mit Gegenbaur glaube, dass die Selachier die gemeinsamen Stammformen der übrigen Fische einerseits, der Amphibien und dadurch der höheren Wirbelthiere andererseits sind.9

diagram

Wenn dies richtig ist, mussten nothwendig die Selachier bereits eine Schwimmblase besitzen, welche bei den Ganoiden und Teleostiern Schwimmblase blieb, bei den Amphibien aber Lunge wurde. Da nun bisher bei keinem Selachier eine Schwimmblase bekannt war, scheint mir jenes Rudiment sehr wichtig.

Vielleicht interessirt es Sie zu hören, dass einer meiner Freunde, Dr. Conrad, Bastarde von Hasen und Caninchen (Lepus timido=cuniculus) züchtet, und jetzt schon die dritte Generation aus seiner Inzucht hat, ohne Kreuzung mit den Stammeltern.10

Ich arbeite jetzt an der Herausgabe meiner öffentlichen Vorlesungen dieses Winters.11 Ausserdem befinde ich mich in meiner stillen Häuslichkeit, im freundlichen “Universitäts-Dorfe” Jena, sehr glücklich, und wünschte, Ich könnte Ihnen dieselbe vortreffliche Gesundheit hinüberschicken, deren ich mich erfreue. Gegenbaur empfiehlt sich Ihnen bestens. Für Ihr Buch nochmals herzlichsten Dank.

Mit der Bitte meine ergebensten Empfehlungen an Ihre Frau Gemahlin und Fräulein Tochter12 zu bestellen, | in unveränderlicher Treue | Ihr von Herzen ergebener | Haeckel

CD annotations

1.7 Wenn … schreiben. 1.8] ‘Keep both copies.—’ added in margin, pencil
3.3 Im … gehalten, 3.5] scored pencil
4.1 Was … wichtig. 4.8] crossed pencil
5.1 Vielleicht … Stammeltern. 5.3] scored pencil ‘Hybrids’ added above pencil
7.2 Ihr … Haeckel 7.3] double scored pencil
Top of letter: ‘Keep about Hybrid Hares’ ink

Footnotes

For a translation of this letter, see Correspondence vol. 16, Appendix I.
Haeckel’s name appears on CD’s presentation list for the English edition of Variation (Appendix IV). Haeckel’s bookseller was probably Wilhelm Engelmann, a publisher of scientific books (NDB; see also Correspondence vol. 14, letter from Ernst Haeckel, 11 January 1866). Williams & Norgate, booksellers and publishers of Covent Garden, London, and of Edinburgh, specialised in foreign and scientific literature (Modern English biography s.v. Williams, Edmund Sidney).
Julius Victor Carus was the translator of the German edition of Variation (Carus trans. 1868). CD suggested that Haeckel pass on the German edition to Carl Gegenbaur in his letter to Haeckel of 6 February [1868].
Haeckel refers to Origin; Haeckel received a presentation copy of the fourth edition, published in 1866 (Correspondence vol. 14, Appendix IV).
In his letter of 6 February [1868], CD told Haeckel that he had begun a small book on the descent of humans and sexual selection.
Haeckel refers to Generelle Morphologie (Haeckel 1866), in which he noted morphological differences in the sexes. The passage is scored and annotated in CD’s copy in the DAR Library–CUL (see Marginalia 1: 357).
CD’s heavily annotated copy of the published lectures (Haeckel 1868a) is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Gegenbaur had already published two volumes of his Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere (Researches on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates; Gegenbaur 1864–72); these dealt with bones of the foot and pectoral bones, respectively. He was working on a third volume, which would focus on cranial bones. CD had cited the first volume in Variation 2: 13 n. (see Correspondence vol. 12, letter to Ernst Haeckel, [after 10] August – 8 October [1864] and n. 12).
The reference is to a paper by Nikolai Nikolaievich Miklucho-Maclay on the identification of a rudimentary swim-bladder in sharks (Miklucho-Maclay 1867). See letter to Ernst Haeckel, 6 February [1868]. In Origin pp. 190–1, CD discussed the supposed development of lungs in higher vertebrates from the swim-bladder of fishes. For more on the relation of the swim-bladder to lungs, see S. J. Gould 1993, pp. 111–19, and Pauly 2004.
Haeckel mentioned Johannes Ernst Conrad’s results in Haeckel 1868b, p. 222. Lepus timidus is the mountain hare while L. cuniculus (now Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the European rabbit.
Haeckel refers to Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (Haeckel 1868b). CD’s annotated copy is in the Darwin Library–CUL.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Gegenbaur, Carl. 1864–72. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Gould, Stephen Jay. 1993. Eight little piggies: reflections in natural history. London: Cape.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 2 vols. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1868c. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. Gemeinverständliche wissenschaftliche Vorträge über die Entwickelungslehre im Allgemeinen und diejenige von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck, im Besonderen über die Anwendung derselben auf den Ursprung des Menschen und andere damit zusammenhangende Grundfragen der Naturwissenschaft. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Marginalia: Charles Darwin’s marginalia. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio with the assistance of Nicholas W. Gill. Vol. 1. New York and London: Garland Publishing. 1990.

Miklucho-Maclay, Nikolai Nikolaevich. 1867. Ueber ein Schwimmblasenrudiment bei Selachiern. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft 3: 448–53.

Modern English biography: Modern English biography, containing many thousand concise memoirs of persons who have died since the year 1850. By Frederick Boase. 3 vols. and supplement (3 vols.). Truro, Cornwall: the author. 1892–1921.

NDB: Neue deutsche Biographie. Under the auspices of the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. 27 vols. (A–Wettiner) to date. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 1953–.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Pauly, Daniel. 2004. Darwin’s fishes. An encyclopedia of ichthyology, ecology, and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Variation: The variation of animals and plants under domestication. By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1868.

Translation

From Ernst Haeckel1   23 March 1868

Jena

23 March 68.

Most esteemed friend!

Just now I have received from my bookshop here (through Williams and Norgate) the English edition of your work “Variation under Domestication”, which you kindly designated for me.2 I already received the first volume of the German edition three months ago. Prof. Gegenbaur also received a copy from Prof. Carus, and so it will not be necessary for me to give him my copy as you suggested in your last letter in case I received both editions.3 If you should now wish that I send one of them to someone else, please let me know. Otherwise I should be very happy to keep both myself, because there are many students who come to borrow your works from me. I also almost always have a copy of your first work lent out, so that I am very happy to possess several.4

I have now read the first volume of your work “Variation under Domestication” with great interest and found an abundance of excellent evidence in favour of the laws of inheritance and adaptation. I always admire afresh your rich knowledge, and the patience and care with which you have for so long studied and collected so many details.

I am very keenly awaiting your book on the descent of man.5 I, too, believe that “Sexual Selection” plays a very important role in it, and I have also pointed this out in the second volume of the gen. Morphol. (p. 247).6 Last year I gave two popular lectures here on “Origin and genealogy of mankind, which I will send you before long, as soon as they are printed.7 My friend Gegenbaur is interested in this question now, very much from its osteological and myological side.8 There is still very much to be done here.

As concerns the treatise on the rudimentary swim bladder of selachians that I sent you recently, I consider it of great importance because I believe with Gegenbaur that selachians are the common ancestral form of other fish, on the one hand, and of amphibians and thus also of higher vertebrates on the other hand.9

diagram

If this is correct, the selachians must of necessity already have a swim bladder which in ganoids and teleosteans remained a swim bladder, but in amphibians developed into lungs. Since until now none of the selachians has been known to have a swim bladder, that rudiment to me appears to be of great importance.

Perhaps it would interest you to know that one of my friends, Dr. Conrad, is breeding hybrids of hares and rabbits (Lepus timido=cuniculus), and that now he has already the third generation purely from inbreeding, without cross-breeding with the original parents.10

I am currently working on an edition of my public lectures for this coming winter.11 Also I am very happy in my quiet domesticity in the pleasant “university-village” of Jena, and I wish I could send on to you the same excellent health that I myself enjoy. Gegenbaur sends his kindest regards. Again my most cordial thanks for your book.

Please give my most humble regards to your wife and daughter12 | in steadfast loyalty | your wholeheartedly devoted | Haeckel

Footnotes

For a transcription of this letter in its original German, see part I: 297–9.
Haeckel’s name appears on CD’s presentation list for the English edition of Variation (Appendix IV). Haeckel’s bookseller was probably Wilhelm Engelmann, a publisher of scientific books (NDB; see also Correspondence vol. 14, letter from Ernst Haeckel, 11 January 1866). Williams & Norgate, booksellers and publishers of Covent Garden, London, and of Edinburgh, specialised in foreign and scientific literature (Modern English biography s.v. Williams, Edmund Sidney).
Julius Victor Carus was the translator of the German edition of Variation (Carus trans. 1868). CD suggested that Haeckel pass on the German edition to Carl Gegenbaur in his letter to Haeckel of 6 February [1868].
Haeckel refers to Origin; Haeckel received a presentation copy of the fourth edition, published in 1866 (Correspondence vol. 14, Appendix IV).
In his letter of 6 February [1868], CD told Haeckel that he had begun a small book on the descent of humans and sexual selection.
Haeckel refers to Generelle Morphologie (Haeckel 1866), in which he noted morphological differences in the sexes. The passage is scored and annotated in CD’s copy in the DAR Library–CUL (see Marginalia 1: 357).
CD’s heavily annotated copy of the published lectures (Haeckel 1868a) is in the Darwin Pamphlet Collection–CUL.
Gegenbaur had already published two volumes of his Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere (Researches on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates; Gegenbaur 1864–72); these dealt with bones of the foot and pectoral bones, respectively. He was working on a third volume, which would focus on cranial bones. CD had cited the first volume in Variation 2: 13 n. (see Correspondence vol. 12, letter to Ernst Haeckel, [after 10] August – 8 October [1864] and n. 12).
The reference is to a paper by Nikolai Nikolaievich Miklucho-Maclay on the identification of a rudimentary swim-bladder in sharks (Miklucho-Maclay 1867). See letter to Ernst Haeckel, 6 February [1868]. In Origin pp. 190–1, CD discussed the supposed development of lungs in higher vertebrates from the swim-bladder of fishes. For more on the relation of the swim-bladder to lungs, see S. J. Gould 1993, pp. 111–19, and Pauly 2004.
Haeckel mentioned Johannes Ernst Conrad’s results in Haeckel 1868b, p. 222. Lepus timidus is the mountain hare while L. cuniculus (now Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the European rabbit.
Haeckel refers to Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (Haeckel 1868b). CD’s annotated copy is in the Darwin Library–CUL.

Bibliography

Correspondence: The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Edited by Frederick Burkhardt et al. 29 vols to date. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985–.

Gegenbaur, Carl. 1864–72. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Gould, Stephen Jay. 1993. Eight little piggies: reflections in natural history. London: Cape.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 2 vols. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Haeckel, Ernst. 1868c. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. Gemeinverständliche wissenschaftliche Vorträge über die Entwickelungslehre im Allgemeinen und diejenige von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck, im Besonderen über die Anwendung derselben auf den Ursprung des Menschen und andere damit zusammenhangende Grundfragen der Naturwissenschaft. Berlin: Georg Reimer.

Marginalia: Charles Darwin’s marginalia. Edited by Mario A. Di Gregorio with the assistance of Nicholas W. Gill. Vol. 1. New York and London: Garland Publishing. 1990.

Miklucho-Maclay, Nikolai Nikolaevich. 1867. Ueber ein Schwimmblasenrudiment bei Selachiern. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft 3: 448–53.

Modern English biography: Modern English biography, containing many thousand concise memoirs of persons who have died since the year 1850. By Frederick Boase. 3 vols. and supplement (3 vols.). Truro, Cornwall: the author. 1892–1921.

NDB: Neue deutsche Biographie. Under the auspices of the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. 27 vols. (A–Wettiner) to date. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 1953–.

Origin: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.

Pauly, Daniel. 2004. Darwin’s fishes. An encyclopedia of ichthyology, ecology, and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Variation: The variation of animals and plants under domestication. By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1868.

Summary

Has received English edition of Variation. First volume of German edition came three months ago. Comments on book.

Will send copy of recent lectures on human evolution [Entstehung des Menschengeschlechts (1868)]. Gegenbaur much interested in the subject.

Considers Selachius the ancestral form of the fish and hence of all higher vertebrates. Believes their swim-bladder became lung of amphibians.

Mentions cases of hybrid crosses between rabbits and hares producing fertile offspring.

Letter details

Letter no.
DCP-LETT-6040
From
Ernst Philipp August (Ernst) Haeckel
To
Charles Robert Darwin
Sent from
Jena
Source of text
DAR 166: 47
Physical description
ALS 4pp (German) †

Please cite as

Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 6040,” accessed on 23 April 2024, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-6040.xml

Also published in The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 16

letter